LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar that clicks · Sep 22, 2026

Japanese past tense: 〜ました, 〜た, and the form that is not about the past

Polite past is ます→ました and negative past is ませんでした; plain past is the 〜た form, which you build exactly like the te-form with た instead of て — and that same 〜た also appears in sentences that are not about the past at all.

The past tense is one of the few places where Japanese is genuinely simpler than English: no irregular list to memorise, no auxiliary verbs, no agreement. If you can already make the te-form, you already know the plain past and have not noticed.

The basics

How do you make the polite past?

Swap ます for ました. That is the whole rule, for every verb in the language.

食たべます → 食たべました。 — I eat → I ate. (polite) 行いきます → 行いきました。 — I go → I went. (polite) しました。 — I did it. (polite, from します)

The negative past is ませんでした — literally the negative ません plus the past of です.

行いきませんでした。 — I didn't go. (polite) 何なにも食たべませんでした。 — I didn't eat anything. (polite)

There are no exceptions here. Every polite verb in Japanese ends in ます, and every one of them forms its past the same way, including する and 来くる which are irregular everywhere else.

How do you make the plain past?

Take the te-form and change て to た (or で to だ). Nothing else moves.

食たべて → 食たべた。 — ate (casual) 行いって → 行いった。 — went (casual) 飲のんで → 飲のんだ。 — drank (casual)

That is the whole trick, and it is why the te-form is worth learning properly: it pays for itself twice. If the te-form is still slow for you, the te-form and how to make it is the piece to fix first, because everything here rides on it.

What are the actual endings?

Dictionary ending Past (plain) Example
う・つ・る った 買かう → 買かった
む・ぶ・ぬ んだ 飲のむ → 飲のんだ
く いた 書かく → 書かいた
ぐ いだ 泳およぐ → 泳およいだ
す した 話はなす → 話はなした
る-verbs た 食たべる → 食たべた
行いく (irregular) 行いった not 行おこないた
する / 来くる した / 来きた —

行いく is the one genuine trap: by the く rule it should be 行おこないた, and it is not. Every other verb behaves, which makes this the shortest irregular list in any language most learners have studied. The three-way split the table depends on is explained in Japanese verb groups.

How do you say "didn't" casually?

〜なかった — the negative ない with its own past, because ない behaves like an い-adjective.

行いかなかった。 — I didn't go. (casual) 食たべなかった。 — I didn't eat. (casual) 知しらなかった。 — I didn't know. (casual, extremely common)

There is also 〜なかったです, which is polite and slightly softer than ませんでした. Both are correct; ませんでした is the standard in formal contexts, and 〜なかったです is common in speech.

Beyond the basics

What about adjectives and です?

Adjectives carry their own past tense, and mixing them up with verb rules produces the single most recognisable beginner error.

高たかかったです。 — It was expensive. (polite, い-adjective past) 静しずかでした。 — It was quiet. (polite, な-adjective past) 学生がくせいでした。 — I was a student. (polite, noun + でした)

高たかいでした is wrong: an い-adjective takes its own past ending and does not borrow でした. The full breakdown, including the negative past, is in Japanese adjective past tense.

When is 〜た not the past?

Several places, and this is where learners who memorised "た = past" get stuck. The form marks completion, which sometimes lands in the present or the future.

あ、バスが来きた! — Ah, the bus is here! (casual, it just arrived — English uses the present) 分わかった。 — Got it. (casual, understanding just completed) 明日あした晴はれたら、行いこう。 — If it's clear tomorrow, let's go. (casual, 〜たら is future) 早はやく寝ねた方ほうがいい。 — You'd better go to bed early. (casual, advice about the future)

In 〜たら and 〜た方ほうがいい the た is structural, not temporal — see conditionals and 〜方ほうがいい. The mental shift that makes all of this stop being surprising is to read た as "done," not as "yesterday."

How do you say "I have done this before"?

〜たことがあります, built directly on the plain past. This is the most common reason a beginner needs the 〜た form early.

日本にほんに行いったことがあります。 — I have been to Japan. (polite, experience) 食たべたことがない。 — I've never eaten it. (casual)

The past form here is not saying when — it is naming the completed action as a thing you possess experience of. The pattern has its own article in 〜たことがあります.

Can you mix plain and polite past in one conversation?

Yes, and fluent speakers do it constantly. The final verb of a sentence carries the politeness; verbs inside a clause are usually plain even in formal speech.

昨日きのう買かった本ほんを読よみました。 — I read the book I bought yesterday. (polite; 買かった inside the clause stays plain)

Making the inner verb polite — 買かいました本ほん — is ungrammatical, not merely stiff. This is a structural rule, not a register choice, and it is why 〜た is worth learning even if you only ever speak politely. Choosing the register of that final verb is the ordinary judgement covered in keigo vs casual.

Does Japanese have a present perfect?

Not as a separate tense. English "I have eaten" and "I ate" both map onto 食たべました, and the difference is carried by context or by 〜ている.

食たべました。 — I ate / I have eaten. (polite) もう食たべています。 — I've already eaten. (polite, state resulting from eating) まだ食たべていません。 — I haven't eaten yet. (polite — note: not 食たべませんでした)

That last line is the one to memorise. "I haven't eaten yet" is 食たべていません, not 食たべませんでした, because the English present perfect describes a current state rather than a past event — the logic in 〜ている.

Common mistakes

  • 高たかいでした. い-adjectives have their own past: 高たかかったです.
  • 行おこないた. 行いく is the one irregular: 行いった.
  • 食たべませんでした for "haven't eaten yet." Use まだ食たべていません — the state, not the event.
  • Making the verb inside a clause polite. 買かいました本ほん is ungrammatical; it must be 買かった本ほん.
  • Reading every た as past. 分わかった, バスが来きた and 〜たら are all completion, not yesterday.
  • Forgetting だ after ん. 飲のむ becomes 飲のんだ, not 飲のんた. The voicing carries over from the te-form.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 5 and 6 are a pair: the same English, two different Japanese answers.

1. Put 書かきます into the polite past.

Show answer

書かきました — ます becomes ました with no exceptions anywhere in the language.

2. Put 飲のむ into the plain past.

Show answer

飲のんだ — む・ぶ・ぬ verbs take んだ. The voicing carries over from the te-form 飲のんで.

3. Put 行いく into the plain past.

Show answer

行いった — the one irregular. The く rule would predict 行おこないた, which does not exist.

4. Say "I didn't go" casually.

Show answer

行いかなかった — ない behaves like an い-adjective, so its past is なかった.

5. Say "it was expensive" politely.

Show answer

高たかかったです — い-adjective past. 高たかいでした is the classic error and the pair to question 6.

6. Say "it was quiet" politely.

Show answer

静しずかでした — な-adjectives do take でした, which is exactly why 高たかいでした feels tempting and is still wrong.

7. The bus pulls up in front of you. React in two words.

Show answer

バスが来きた — た marks completion, not the past. English would say "the bus is here."

8. Say "I have been to Kyoto" politely.

Show answer

京都きょうとに行いったことがあります — experience is built on the plain past, even in a polite sentence.

9. Fix this: 昨日きのう買かいました本ほんを読よみました。

Show answer

昨日きのう買かった本ほんを読よみました — only the final verb takes polite form. A verb modifying a noun must be plain.

10. Someone asks if you have eaten. You haven't, but you will.

Show answer

まだ食たべていません — a current state, not a past event. 食たべませんでした would mean you skipped the meal entirely.

FAQ

Is the Japanese past tense really this simple? For the polite form, yes — one rule, zero exceptions. The plain form has the te-form's sound changes baked in, so it feels harder, but it is the same set of rules you already learned once.

Which should I learn first, ました or た? ました, because it is one swap and it works everywhere in polite speech. Learn 〜た as soon as you meet 〜たら, 〜たことがある or any clause that modifies a noun, because those need it regardless of how politely you speak.

Is 〜なかったです wrong? No. It is slightly less formal than ませんでした and very common in conversation. Prescriptivists prefer ませんでした in writing; both are understood everywhere.

How do I say "used to"? よく〜ました for habits ("I often did"), or 〜ていました for an ongoing past state: 昔むかしは東京とうきょうに住すんでいました, "I used to live in Tokyo." The plain past alone does not carry "used to."

Does Japanese distinguish "I ate" from "I have eaten"? Not by tense. Context does it, and 〜ている covers the "and the result is still true" reading. This is why まだ食たべていません is the right way to say "not yet."

Why do Japanese speakers say 分わかった instead of 分わかる? Because understanding completed at that moment. The same logic runs through 疲つかれた ("I'm tired" — the tiredness arrived) and お腹はらがすいた ("I'm hungry"). These look past in Japanese and present in English.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

食べました	たべました — ate (polite)
行きました	いきました — went (polite)
行きませんでした	いきませんでした — didn't go (polite)
行った	いった — went (plain)
飲んだ	のんだ — drank (plain)
書いた	かいた — wrote (plain)
泳いだ	およいだ — swam (plain)
話した	はなした — spoke (plain)
買った	かった — bought (plain)
来た	きた — came (plain)
した	した — did (plain)
行かなかった	いかなかった — didn't go (plain)
知らなかった	しらなかった — didn't know
高かったです	たかかったです — it was expensive
静かでした	しずかでした — it was quiet
学生でした	がくせいでした — I was a student
分かった	わかった — got it, understood
疲れた	つかれた — I'm tired
お腹がすいた	おなかがすいた — I'm hungry
まだ	まだ — not yet, still
昨日	きのう — yesterday

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The past tense is where beginners relax, because after English irregular verbs it looks like a gift — and then 高たかいでした appears in week three, every single time, because です feels like it should be attachable to anything.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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