LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

〜ている: why 知しっている means "I know" and not "I am knowing

〜ている does two completely different jobs: an action still happening, and a state left behind by an action that already finished. Which one you get is decided by the verb, not by you — and that is why 知しっている means "I know" and 行いっている means "has gone."

Textbooks introduce this as the Japanese present continuous, which works for about a week. Then you meet 結婚けっこんしています and translate it as "is getting married," and the sentence quietly means the opposite of what you thought.

The basics

How to build it

Take the te-form and add いる. That is the whole conjugation.

Verb Te-form 〜ている
食たべる 食たべて 食たべている
読よむ 読よんで 読よんでいる
する して している
来くる 来きて 来きている

If your te-form is solid, there is nothing new to conjugate here. Polite: 食たべています. Past: 食たべていました. Negative: 食たべていません.

Meaning one: the action is still happening

With verbs that describe an activity taking time — eating, reading, running, waiting — 〜ている is the straightforward progressive.

今いま、ご飯めしを食たべています。 — I'm eating right now. 雨あめが降ふっている。 — It's raining. 何なにをしていますか。 — What are you doing?

This is the meaning every learner gets for free, and it is roughly half of what 〜ている does.

Meaning two: the state left behind

With verbs that describe an instant change — dying, marrying, arriving, going — the action finishes in a moment, so there is no "in progress." What 〜ている gives you instead is the situation after.

結婚けっこんしています。 — I'm married. (not "getting married" — the wedding already happened) 東京とうきょうに住すんでいます。 — I live in Tokyo. 本ほんを持もっています。 — I have a book. 知しっています。 — I know. 彼かれは死しんでいる。 — He's dead.

死しんでいる is the clearest case: nobody is in the process of dying over a long afternoon. The verb happens in an instant, so 〜ている describes the state that instant produced.

How do you know which one a verb gives you?

Ask whether the action takes time or happens all at once.

Verb type Examples 〜ている means
Takes time 食たべる, 読よむ, 走はしる, 待まつ, 降ふる Action in progress
Instant change 死しぬ, 結婚けっこんする, 着つく, 行いく, 来くる, 知しる The state afterwards
Always a state 住すむ, 持もつ The state

You do not need a rule for every verb. You need the habit of asking the question, plus a short list of the ones that catch everybody — which is the next section.

Beyond the basics

行いっている does not mean "is going"

This one is worth its own heading, because the mistake is invisible.

彼かれは東京とうきょうに行いっています。 — He has gone to Tokyo (and is there now). ✗ He is on his way to Tokyo.

行いく is an instant change — you either departed or you did not — so 〜ている gives the state after departure, which is "is away, is there." For someone currently travelling, use 向むかっています ("is heading there") or just 行いきます for the plan.

来きている works the same way: 田中たなかさんが来きています means Tanaka has arrived and is here now, not that he is on his way.

知しっている has no negative

This is the single most common 〜ている error, and it is a one-word fix.

✗ 知しっていません。 。○ 知しりません。 — I don't know.

The positive is 知しっています and the negative is 知しりません — they do not match, and that is simply how it is. Learn them as a pair rather than deriving one from the other.

分わかる behaves in the opposite way: it takes no 〜ている at all in the positive (分わかります, not 分わかっています, for "I understand"), though 分わかっている exists with a distinct nuance of "I already get it" — often slightly impatient.

〜てる: what people actually say

In speech, い drops. Universally.

何なにしてる? — What are you doing? (casual) 今いま、行いってる。 — I'm on my way. / I've gone. 知しってる? — Do you know? 食たべてます。 — I'm eating. (polite, still contracted — very common)

Even 〜てます is normal in polite conversation. Writing 〜ている and saying 〜てる is exactly the right split, and it is the same pattern as ので shrinking to んで in speech.

Habits and track records

〜ている covers two more jobs that are neither progressive nor resultant.

毎日まいにち走はしっています。 — I run every day. (habit — not right now) 京都きょうとには三回さんかい行いっている。 — I've been to Kyoto three times. (record of experience)

The habit use is why 日本語にほんごを勉強べんきょうしています is the natural answer to "do you study Japanese?" even if you are not studying at this instant. Answering 勉強べんきょうします would sound like a plan rather than a practice.

〜ている vs 〜てある

Both describe a state, and the difference is whether someone did it on purpose.

窓まどが開ひらいている。 — The window is open. (just describing it) 窓まどが開ひらけてある。 — The window has been opened. (someone opened it, and left it that way deliberately)

〜てある uses the transitive verb (開ひらける) and implies intention and preparation. 〜ている with the intransitive (開ひらく) just reports the state. In practice you will produce 〜ている far more, but 〜てある turns up constantly in descriptions of rooms and preparations: 予約よやくしてあります ("a reservation has been made").

Why is it 住すんでいます and not 住すみます?

Because 住すむ is a change-of-state verb, and "I live in Tokyo" is the result of having moved there — exactly the second meaning above. 東京とうきょうに住すみます is not wrong as a sentence, but it means "I will move to Tokyo", a future action, which is almost never what a learner intends.

東京とうきょうに住すんでいます。 — I live in Tokyo. (polite; the state you are currently in) 来月らいげつから大阪おおさかに住すみます。 — I'll be living in Osaka from next month. (polite; a future move)

This is worth separating from another pair learners collapse: 住すんでいました ("I used to live there") describes residence, while 行いったことがあります ("I have been there") describes a visit. A three-day trip is 行いったことがある; three years is 住すんでいた. Mixing them is one of the most common sources of confusion in a conversation about where someone has been, because the listener genuinely cannot tell which one you mean.

The same logic covers 勤つとめている (be employed at), 結婚けっこんしている (be married) and 持もっている (own): in English these are simple present, and in Japanese they are all states left behind by a completed change.

How does it sound in anime?

The contracted forms carry almost all dialogue, and two in particular are everywhere:

知しってる。 — I know. 分わかってる。 — I know already. (often impatient) 何なにやってるんだ。 — What are you doing?! (exasperated)

分わかってる deserves attention: it is not a neutral "I understand." Depending on tone it ranges from reassurance ("I've got it") to snapping at someone who keeps explaining. 分わかりました is the neutral, polite one.

Common mistakes

  • 知しっていません. The negative of 知しっています is 知しりません. No 〜ている on the negative side.
  • Reading 行いっている as "is going." It means "has gone and is there." For being on the way, 向むかっています.
  • Reading 結婚けっこんしています as "is getting married." It means "is married." The same goes for 着ついています ("has arrived") and 死しんでいます ("is dead").
  • Never contracting. Saying 食たべています in casual conversation sounds like a textbook. 食たべてる and 食たべてます are what people say.
  • Using 〜ている for a plan. 明日あした行いっています is not "I'm going tomorrow." Japanese uses the plain non-past for future plans: 明日あした行いきます.
  • Forcing English aspect onto it. 〜ている is not the present continuous with a Japanese hat on; it is an aspect marker that lands differently depending on the verb.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: identical grammar, and the verb type flips the meaning.

1. Make 読よむ into the 〜ている form.

Show answer

読よんでいる — te-form 読よんで plus いる. Polite: 読よんでいます. Casual spoken: 読よんでる.

2. What does 雨あめが降ふっています mean?

Show answer

It's raining — 降ふる takes time, so 〜ている is the straightforward progressive.

3. What does 彼かれは東京とうきょうに行いっています mean?

Show answer

He has gone to Tokyo and is there now — 行いく is an instant change, so 〜ている gives the state after it, not the journey.

4. How do you say "he is on his way to Tokyo"?

Show answer

東京とうきょうに向むかっています — 向むかう is the verb for heading somewhere. This is the pair to question 3: 行いっている cannot express travel in progress.

5. Something is wrong here: 知しっていません。

Show answer

知しりません — the positive is 知しっています and the negative is 知しりません. They do not match; learn them as a pair.

6. What does 結婚けっこんしています mean?

Show answer

I'm married — the wedding is an instant event, so 〜ている describes the state it left behind. Not "getting married."

7. Make 何なにをしていますか casual and spoken.

Show answer

何なにしてる? — the い drops in speech. Even politely, 何なにしてますか is completely normal.

8. Why is 毎日まいにち走はしっています correct even though you aren't running right now?

Show answer

It's the habitual use — 〜ている also covers repeated actions. 毎日まいにち走はしります would sound more like a plan than a practice.

9. What is the difference between 窓まどが開ひらいている and 窓まどが開ひらけてある?

Show answer

Whether someone did it on purpose — 開ひらいている just reports that the window is open. 開ひらけてある says someone opened it and left it that way deliberately.

10. How do you say "I'm going tomorrow"?

Show answer

明日あした行いきます — Japanese uses the plain non-past for future plans. 〜ている is about now, not later.

FAQ

Is there a quick way to guess which meaning a verb gives? Ask whether you could watch it happening for a minute. You can watch someone eat, read or run, so those are progressive. You cannot watch someone "arrive" for a minute — arrival is instantaneous — so those give a state.

Why does 住すんでいる need 〜ている at all? Because 住すむ as a plain non-past would read as a plan or a general truth. 東京とうきょうに住すみます sounds like "I will live in Tokyo." For the fact of currently living somewhere, 住すんでいます is the only natural form.

What about 持もっている? Same logic: 持もつ is the act of picking something up, so 持もっている is the state of having it. "I have a car" is 車くるまを持もっています, never 車くるまを持もちます.

Is 〜ていた just the past continuous? For the progressive verbs, yes — 食たべていました, "I was eating." For the state verbs it means the state held in the past: 結婚けっこんしていました means "I was married" (and presumably am not now), which is a much heavier sentence than it looks.

When do I need 〜てある instead? When you want to signal that someone prepared it deliberately. 予約よやくしてあります ("the reservation is made") reassures someone that it was taken care of, where 予約よやくしています would be describing your own ongoing act of booking.

Does 〜ている ever mean the immediate future? Not on its own. Japanese uses the plain non-past for plans, and 〜ようとしている ("is about to") for the moment right before something happens: 出でようとしている, "is just about to leave."

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

食べる	たべる — to eat
読む	よむ — to read
走る	はしる — to run
待つ	まつ — to wait
降る	ふる — to fall (rain, snow)
雨	あめ — rain
結婚	けっこん — marriage
住む	すむ — to live, to reside
持つ	もつ — to hold, to have
知る	しる — to know, to find out
分かる	わかる — to understand
死ぬ	しぬ — to die
着く	つく — to arrive
向かう	むかう — to head toward
毎日	まいにち — every day
京都	きょうと — Kyoto
三回	さんかい — three times
窓	まど — window
開く	あく — to open (by itself)
開ける	あける — to open (something)
予約	よやく — reservation
勉強	べんきょう — study
明日	あした — tomorrow
車	くるま — car

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Nobody struggles with 食たべています — they struggle six months later, when they say 彼かれは行いっています meaning "he's on his way" and nobody corrects it, because the sentence they said was perfectly fine and simply described something else.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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