LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

Japanese verb groups: the three-way split every conjugation depends on

Japanese verbs come in three groups, and which group a verb is in decides every single form it takes — ます, て, ない, potential, passive, causative, imperative. Group 2 verbs all end in る, but so do some Group 1 verbs (帰かえる, 走はしる, 知しる), which is the one thing that makes this hard.

Learners often skip this and try to memorise conjugations verb by verb. That works for about thirty verbs and then collapses. Sorting a verb into its group takes two seconds and gives you every form for free.

The basics

The three groups

Group Also called Dictionary form ends in Examples
Group 1 う-verbs, godan, 五段ごだん Any う-row sound: う, く, ぐ, す, つ, ぬ, ぶ, む, る 書かく, 話はなす, 飲のむ, 買かう, 帰かえる
Group 2 る-verbs, ichidan, 一段いちだん る, with an e or i sound before it 食たべる, 見みる, 起おきる, 教おしえる
Group 3 Irregular — する, 来くる

Group 3 has exactly two members. する appears in hundreds of compound verbs (勉強べんきょうする, 確認かくにんする, 電話でんわする) but conjugates the same way every time, so it is two verbs' worth of memorising, not two hundred.

The core conjugations, by group

Group 1 (書かく) Group 2 (食たべる) する 来くる
ます-form 書かきます 食たべます します きます
Negative 書かきかない 食たべない しない こない
te-form 書かきいて 食たべて して きて
Past 書かきいた 食たべた した きた
Potential 書かきける 食たべられる できる こられる
Volitional 書かきこう 食たべよう しよう こよう

Group 1 changes the vowel of the last syllable and Group 2 just drops る. That is the whole difference. Note 来くる: the kanji stays the same while the reading changes — き, こ, き, こ — which is worth drilling out loud.

Why it matters

Every grammar point you meet later is built on one of these forms. The te-form alone unlocks requests, permission, progressive, prohibition and half a dozen others — and the te-form rules are entirely different for the two groups.

毎日まいにち日本語にほんごを書かきます。 — I write Japanese every day. (polite — Group 1) 毎日まいにち野菜やさいを食たべます。 — I eat vegetables every day. (polite — Group 2)

Beyond the basics

The Group 1 verbs that end in る

This is the actual difficulty. Group 2 verbs always have an e or i sound before る — but so do these Group 1 verbs:

Verb Reading Meaning
帰かえる かえる to go home
入いる はいる to enter
走はしる はしる to run
切きる きる to cut
知しる しる to know
要いる いる to need
減へる へる to decrease
喋しゃべる しゃべる to chat
蹴ける ける to kick
滑すべる すべる to slip

7時ときに帰かえります。 — I'll go home at seven. (polite — Group 1: 帰かえります, not 帰きます)

Ten verbs, and they are all common. Learn them as a list; there is no rule that separates them from 食たべる and 教おしえる by sight.

The test that never lies

Put the verb into its plain negative. If the syllable before ない has an a sound, it is Group 1.

Verb Negative Group
帰かえる 帰かえらない 1 — the ら gives it away
食たべる 食たべない 2 — る just dropped
走はしる 走はしらない 1
起おきる 起おきない 2

If you know a verb's negative, you know its group, and therefore every other form. This is the single most useful thing to learn from this article.

切きる vs 着きる: same sound, different groups

紙かみを切きります。 — I'll cut the paper. (polite — 切きる, Group 1) シャツを着ちゃくます。 — I'll put on a shirt. (polite — 着きる, Group 2)

Both are きる in dictionary form. 切きります and 着ちゃくます are different because the groups are different, and the kanji is the only thing telling you which is which. The same pair appears in the negative: 切きらない vs 着きない.

Group 2 gets the ambiguous potential

Group 2's potential form and its passive form are identical: 食たべられる means both "can eat" and "is eaten." Group 1 keeps them apart (書かける vs 書かかれる).

納豆なっとうが食たべられます。 — I can eat natto. (polite — potential reading, from context)

In casual speech, Group 2 potentials often drop the ら — 食たべれる, 見みれる — which is called ら抜ぬき言葉ことば. Extremely common in speech, still flagged as incorrect in writing. Recognise it; write the full form. For the ambiguity itself, see the potential form and the passive.

する compounds

Any noun of action plus する becomes a verb: 勉強べんきょうする, 電話でんわする, 確認かくにんする, 準備じゅんびする. They all conjugate as する, so learning one gives you hundreds.

今いま、確認かくにんしています。 — I'm checking now. (polite, teiru)

Common mistakes

  • 帰きます. 帰かえる is Group 1: 帰かえります.
  • 走はしれる treated as Group 2's potential. 走はしる is Group 1, so its potential is 走はしれる and its passive is 走はしられる — they are different, unlike 食たべられる.
  • 知しらない vs 知しりません confusion. Both are correct; 知しらない is plain, 知しりません is polite. The verb is Group 1 either way.
  • Assuming e/i before る means Group 2. It usually does, and the ten verbs above are the exceptions that matter.
  • Writing 食たべれる in an exam. Say it, don't write it.
  • Treating する compounds as new verbs. They are all one verb wearing different nouns.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 5 and 6 are a pair: the same sound, two different groups.

1. Which group is 書かく, and what is its ます-form?

Show answer

Group 1, 書かきます — Group 1 changes the vowel of the last syllable: く → き.

2. Which group is 食たべる, and what is its negative?

Show answer

Group 2, 食たべない — Group 2 just drops る.

3. Something is wrong here: 7時ときに帰きます。

Show answer

帰かえります — 帰かえる ends in る but is Group 1. It is one of the ten common exceptions.

4. What is the test for a verb's group?

Show answer

The plain negative — if the syllable before ない has an "a" sound (帰かえらない, 走はしらない), it is Group 1. If る just dropped (食たべない), it is Group 2.

5. Put 切きる (to cut) into the polite present.

Show answer

切きります — Group 1, so the last syllable changes: る → り.

6. Put 着きる (to wear) into the polite present.

Show answer

着ちゃくます — Group 2, so る just drops. This is the pair to question 5: same dictionary sound, different groups, and only the kanji tells you.

7. What are the only two irregular verbs?

Show answer

する and 来くる — and する appears in hundreds of compounds that all conjugate identically, so it is two verbs to learn, not two hundred.

8. Why is 食たべられます ambiguous?

Show answer

Group 2 potential and passive are the same form — it can mean "can eat" or "is eaten," and only context separates them. Group 1 keeps them apart: 書かける vs 書かかれる.

9. What is ら抜ぬき言葉ことば, and should you use it?

Show answer

Dropping the ら from Group 2 potentials — 食たべれる, 見みれる — extremely common in speech, still marked wrong in writing. Recognise it; write the full form.

10. How many verbs do you learn when you learn 勉強べんきょうする?

Show answer

All of them — every noun + する compound conjugates as する: 電話でんわする, 確認かくにんする, 準備じゅんびする.

FAQ

Are the group numbers standard? There are two naming systems. "Group 1 / 2 / 3" is common in textbooks for learners; "godan / ichidan / irregular" is the Japanese grammatical terminology. They map onto each other exactly.

Is there a rule for the Group 1 verbs ending in る? No reliable one. The list of common ones is short enough to memorise, and the negative test catches anything not on it.

What about ある? Group 1, but with an irregular negative: ない, not あらない.

Does 行いく follow the pattern? Almost — it is Group 1, but its te-form is 行いって rather than the 行おこないて you would predict. One exception, worth memorising.

Are there really only two irregular verbs? Two fully irregular ones. A handful of others have one odd form each (行いく's te-form, ある's negative, honorific verbs like いらっしゃる).

Which group do I meet most? Group 1 is the largest by far. Group 2 is smaller but includes many of the most common everyday verbs.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

書く	かく — to write
話す	はなす — to speak
飲む	のむ — to drink
買う	かう — to buy
帰る	かえる — to go home (Group 1)
入る	はいる — to enter (Group 1)
走る	はしる — to run (Group 1)
切る	きる — to cut (Group 1)
知る	しる — to know (Group 1)
要る	いる — to need (Group 1)
減る	へる — to decrease (Group 1)
喋る	しゃべる — to chat (Group 1)
蹴る	ける — to kick (Group 1)
滑る	すべる — to slip (Group 1)
食べる	たべる — to eat (Group 2)
見る	みる — to see (Group 2)
起きる	おきる — to get up (Group 2)
教える	おしえる — to teach (Group 2)
着る	きる — to wear (Group 2)
来る	くる — to come (irregular)
勉強	べんきょう — study
電話	でんわ — telephone
確認	かくにん — confirmation
準備	じゅんび — preparation
野菜	やさい — vegetables
紙	かみ — paper
納豆	なっとう — natto
毎日	まいにち — every day

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The learners who stall around N4 are usually the ones who never sorted the groups and have been memorising conjugations one verb at a time. Ten minutes on the negative test saves months.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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