LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Talking to real people · Sep 13, 2026

Days of the week and dates in Japanese — and the planets hiding in them

The Japanese days of the week are named after the same seven celestial bodies that named the English ones. 火曜日かようび is fire — Mars — which is exactly what Tuesday is in French (mardi). Once you see that, seven kanji stop being a memorisation task and become one story.

Dates are the other half, and they are less friendly: the first ten days of the month use an entirely different number system, and three months have irregular readings. Those you do have to memorise — but there are only about fourteen of them.

The basics

The seven days, and where they come from

Japanese Reading Kanji means Planet English cousin
日曜日にちようび にちようび sun Sun Sunday
月曜日げつようび げつようび moon Moon Monday
火曜日かようび かようび fire Mars mardi (French)
水曜日すいようび すいようび water Mercury mercredi
木曜日もくようび もくようび wood Jupiter jeudi
金曜日きんようび きんようび metal, gold Venus vendredi
土曜日どようび どようび earth Saturn Saturday

Both systems inherited the same seven-planet week from the ancient world — Japan by way of China, Europe by way of Rome. Sunday, Monday and Saturday survived intact in English; the other four kept their Roman gods in French and were swapped for Norse ones in English.

今日きょうは何曜日なんようびですか。 — What day is it today? 水曜日すいようびです。 — It's Wednesday. 土曜日どようびに会あいましょう。 — Let's meet on Saturday.

Note the に: a weekday is a fixed point on the calendar, so it takes に — the same rule as clock times.

In casual speech, 日にち often drops: 月曜げつよう, 金曜きんよう. You will see this constantly in schedules and text messages.

The months: three are irregular

Months are just a number plus 月がつ (がつ) — with three exceptions that match the same numbers that break everywhere else in Japanese.

Month Reading Month Reading
1月がつ いちがつ 7月がつ しちがつ
2月がつ にがつ 8月がつ はちがつ
3月がつ さんがつ 9月がつ くがつ
4月がつ しがつ 10月がつ じゅうがつ
5月がつ ごがつ 11月がつ じゅういちがつ
6月がつ ろくがつ 12月がつ じゅうにがつ

4月がつ = しがつ, 7月がつ = しちがつ, 9月がつ = くがつ. These are the same three numbers that go irregular in clock times, so you are learning one pattern twice.

The days of the month: the first ten are their own system

This is the part that takes real memorising. Days 1–10 use the native Japanese numbers, not the Chinese-derived ones.

Day Reading Day Reading
1日にち ついたち 6日にち むいか
2日にち ふつか 7日にち なのか
3日にち みっか 8日にち ようか
4日にち よっか 9日にち ここのか
5日にち いつか 10日にち とおか

From 11 onwards it is regular — じゅういちにち, じゅうににち — with three exceptions that keep the old readings:

| 14日にち | じゅうよっか | || 20日にち | はつか | || 24日にち | にじゅうよっか |

ついたち and はつか are the two that catch everyone. Neither sounds anything like its number.

Beyond the basics

Date order runs biggest to smallest

Japanese always goes year → month → day → weekday. There is no ambiguity about whether 9/13 means September or the 9th.

2026年ねん9月がつ13日にち(日にち) — Sunday, 13 September 2026 十月じゅうがつ一日いちにちに日本にほんに来きます。 — I'm coming to Japan on the first of October.

The weekday goes in brackets at the end, and this format is universal — tickets, forms, schedules, handwritten notes.

The words for talking about "when"

These come up more often than the dates themselves:

Japanese Meaning
今日きょう / 明日あした / 昨日きのう today / tomorrow / yesterday
今週こんしゅう / 来週らいしゅう / 先週せんしゅう this / next / last week
今月こんげつ / 来月らいげつ / 先月せんげつ this / next / last month
今年ことし / 来年らいねん / 去年きょねん this / next / last year
平日へいじつ weekdays
週末しゅうまつ weekend
毎週まいしゅう every week

来週らいしゅうの金曜日きんようびはどうですか。 — How about next Friday? 週末しゅうまつは空あいていますか。 — Are you free at the weekend?

Note 来週らいしゅうの金曜日きんようび — when you combine a relative word with a weekday, the の joins them. And remember that 今日きょう, 来週らいしゅう and friends take no に, while 金曜日きんようび does.

明後日みょうごにち, 一昨日いっさくじつ and the extended family

Japanese has single words for two days out in each direction, and they are in everyday use:

明後日みょうごにち(あさって) — the day after tomorrow 一昨日いっさくじつ(おととい) — the day before yesterday 明々後日しあさって(しあさって) — three days from now

しあさって is real and used, which surprises learners who are used to English needing a whole phrase for it.

〜ぶり: how long since last time

One more date-shaped word, and a genuinely useful one. 〜ぶり says how long it has been since something last happened.

三年さんねんぶりに日本にほんに来きました。 — I'm in Japan for the first time in three years. 久ひさしぶり! — Long time no see!

久ひさしぶり is the single most common greeting between people who have not met in a while, and it is built on exactly this pattern — 久ひさしい ("a long time") plus ぶり. Once you know the word, 一年いちねんぶり and 十年じゅうねんぶり come for free.

Similarly, 〜おき means "every other": 一日いちにちおき ("every other day"), which is different from 毎日まいにち. The two are easy to confuse and easy to keep apart once you have seen them side by side, in the same way the counters sort themselves once you see the pattern.

Why the 4, 7, 9 pattern keeps recurring

You will have noticed that 4, 7 and 9 break in months, in clock times, and in counters. The reason is that Japanese has two full number systems — the native one (ひとつ, ふたつ) and the Chinese-derived one (いち, に, さん) — and they compete for exactly those slots.

There is an extra force on 4 and 9: し sounds like 死し (death) and く like 苦く (suffering), so Japanese avoids them where it can. That is why hospitals often skip room 4 and why you will hear よん and きゅう far more than し and く in everyday counting — everywhere except the fixed readings above, where the old form won.

How does it appear in real life?

Mostly in schedules and invitations, in shortened form:

月がつ〜金きん — Monday to Friday (on a shop sign) 土日どにち休やすみ — closed Saturdays and Sundays 次つぎは何曜日なんようび? — What day is next? (casual) 平日へいじつのほうがいいです。 — A weekday would be better.

土日どにち (どにち) as a single word meaning "the weekend" is extremely common, and 平日へいじつ is its opposite. Both appear on every opening-hours sign in Japan.

Common mistakes

  • よんがつ for April. It is しがつ. Likewise しちがつ and くがつ, not なながつ or きゅうがつ.
  • いちにち for the 1st. 一日いちにち as a date is ついたち. いちにち means "one day" as a duration.
  • にじゅうにち for the 20th. It is はつか.
  • Writing the date small-to-big. Japanese runs year, month, day, weekday. 13/9/2026 is not a Japanese date format.
  • Adding に to 今日きょう or 来週らいしゅう. Weekdays and dates take に; relative words do not. 来週らいしゅうの金曜日きんようびに is right; 来週らいしゅうに is not.
  • Assuming 月曜げつよう is wrong because 日にち is missing. Dropping 日にち is normal in casual speech and writing.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: the same kanji, different jobs.

1. What is Wednesday, and what does the kanji mean?

Show answer

水曜日すいようび (すいようび) — water — and water is Mercury, which is why Wednesday is mercredi in French. The two systems inherited the same seven planets.

2. Say "let's meet on Saturday."

Show answer

土曜日どようびに会あいましょう — a weekday is a fixed point on the calendar, so it takes に, exactly like a clock time.

3. Read 一日いちにち as a date.

Show answer

ついたち — the first of the month. It sounds nothing like its number, and it is the single most irregular date reading.

4. Read 一日いちにち as a duration.

Show answer

いちにち — "one day." This is the pair to question 3: identical kanji, and only the meaning tells you which reading to use.

5. Read 4月がつ and 9月がつ.

Show answer

しがつ and くがつ — never よんがつ or きゅうがつ. The same three numbers (4, 7, 9) that break in clock times break here.

6. Read 20日にち.

Show answer

はつか — not にじゅうにち. Along with ついたち, it is the reading that catches everyone.

7. Write "Sunday, 13 September 2026" in Japanese order.

Show answer

2026年ねん9月がつ13日にち(日にち) — year, month, day, then the weekday in brackets. Japanese always runs biggest to smallest.

8. Suggest next Friday.

Show answer

来週らいしゅうの金曜日きんようびはどうですか — の joins the relative word to the weekday. 来週らいしゅう takes no に, but 金曜日きんようび would.

9. What does 土日どにち休やすみ mean on a shop sign?

Show answer

Closed Saturdays and Sundays — 土日どにち is a single word for the weekend, and its opposite 平日へいじつ (weekdays) appears on the same signs.

10. Why do 4, 7 and 9 keep breaking?

Show answer

Two competing number systems, plus superstition — Japanese has native and Chinese-derived numbers fighting for those slots, and し sounds like 死し while く sounds like 苦く, so both are avoided where possible.

FAQ

Do I need to write the kanji for the days? Reading them matters far more than writing them. They appear on every timetable, sign and calendar, and the seven kanji are simple enough that recognition comes quickly — especially once the planet story gives each one a hook.

Is 曜日ようび ever dropped entirely? Yes: 月がつ〜金きん on a sign, or 土日どにち for the weekend. In speech people usually keep at least 曜よう (月曜げつよう, 金曜きんよう), and 曜日ようび in full is the polite and complete form.

How do I ask someone's birthday? 誕生日たんじょうびはいつですか. The answer uses the date readings: 五月ごがつ三日みっかです ("May 3rd"). Years use 〜年ねん (ねん), so 1995年ねん is せんきゅうひゃくきゅうじゅうごねん.

What is 元日がんじつ versus 一日いちにち? 元日がんじつ (がんじつ) is New Year's Day specifically. 一日いちにち (ついたち) is the first of any month. Both are worth knowing in January.

Why does Japan sometimes use era years? Official documents often use the imperial era alongside the Western year — 令和れいわ (Reiwa) began in 2019, so Reiwa 8 is 2026. Forms frequently ask for it, and there is no shame in asking someone to help you convert.

Are there other irregular date readings past the 24th? No — after 24日にち everything is regular にち to the end of the month. The full irregular list is days 1–10, plus 14, 20 and 24. That is the whole set.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
月曜日	げつようび — Monday
火曜日	かようび — Tuesday
水曜日	すいようび — Wednesday
木曜日	もくようび — Thursday
金曜日	きんようび — Friday
土曜日	どようび — Saturday
何曜日	なんようび — what day of the week
四月	しがつ — April
七月	しちがつ — July
九月	くがつ — September
一日	ついたち — the 1st of the month
二日	ふつか — the 2nd
四日	よっか — the 4th
八日	ようか — the 8th
十日	とおか — the 10th
二十日	はつか — the 20th
平日	へいじつ — weekdays
週末	しゅうまつ — weekend
土日	どにち — Saturday and Sunday
今週	こんしゅう — this week
来週	らいしゅう — next week
先週	せんしゅう — last week
明後日	あさって — the day after tomorrow
一昨日	おととい — the day before yesterday
誕生日	たんじょうび — birthday
空く	あく — to be free, to be vacant

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The planet story is the single best time I spend on vocabulary in a beginner lesson — it takes two minutes and it turns seven unrelated kanji into something people never have to look up again.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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