LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Talking to real people · Sep 13, 2026

Japanese counters: the six you need and the escape hatch for everything else

Japanese will not let you attach a bare number to a noun. ビールを二にください is not a sentence. You need a counter — a small word that says what kind of thing you are counting — and there are dozens. The good news is that six of them cover most of daily life, and there is an escape hatch for the rest.

English does this too, just less often: you say "two slices of bread," not "two breads." Japanese applies that logic to everything, and then adds sound changes that make 一本いっぽん into いっぽん.

The basics

The six that cover most situations

Counter For Example
〜つ Anything (1–10 only) りんごを三さんつ
〜人ひと (にん) People 四よ人ひと
〜本ほん (ほん) Long thin things — bottles, pens, umbrellas ビールを二に本ほん
〜枚まい (まい) Flat things — paper, shirts, tickets, plates 切符きっぷを二に枚まい
〜個こ (こ) Small solid objects 卵たまご(たまご)を六ろく個こ
〜杯はい (はい) Cupfuls and bowlfuls コーヒーを一いち杯はい

ビールを二本にほんください。 — Two beers, please. 切符きっぷを二枚にまいお願ねがいします。 — Two tickets, please. コーヒーを一杯いっぱいください。 — One coffee, please.

Notice the word order: noun + を + number + counter. The counter phrase comes after the thing, not before it. 二本にほんのビール is grammatical but sounds stiff and written.

The escape hatch: 〜つ

ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ… is the native Japanese number series, and it works for almost any object up to ten. If you have forgotten the right counter, use it — nobody will blink.

1 2 3 4 5
ひとつ ふたつ みっつ よっつ いつつ
6 7 8 9 10
むっつ ななつ やっつ ここのつ とお

すみません、これを三みっつください。 — Excuse me, three of these please.

Above ten, つ runs out and you need 〜個こ or the specific counter. But for ordering and shopping, ten is almost always enough.

People are irregular, and you cannot avoid it

一人ひとり and 二人ふたり do not follow the pattern, and they are the two you will say most.

1 2 3 4 5
ひとり ふたり さんにん よにん ごにん

二人ふたりです。 — Two people. (walking into a restaurant — a complete sentence) 一人ひとりで行いきました。 — I went alone.

四人よにん is よにん, not しにん — because しにん is a homophone of 死人しにん ("dead person"). Japanese avoids し in counting for exactly this reason, which is also why 四よ is usually よん.

Beyond the basics

The sound changes that actually trip you up

Counters starting with h- change sound after certain numbers. This is not decoration — いちほん is simply not a word.

本ほん 杯はい 匹ひき
1 いっぽん いっぱい いっぴき
2 にほん にはい にひき
3 さんぼん さんばい さんびき
6 ろっぽん ろっぱい ろっぴき
8 はっぽん はっぱい はっぴき
10 じゅっぽん じゅっぱい じゅっぴき

The pattern is consistent: 1, 6, 8 and 10 double the consonant and go to p; 3 goes to b. Learn it once on 本ほん and it transfers to 杯はい, 匹ひき and 分ふん.

枚まい and 個こ have no sound changes at all, which is part of why they are good beginner counters: いちまい, にまい, さんまい, all regular.

The fastest way to own this is to drill the "one of" form of each counter, plus the one three that catches everybody: 一本いっぽん, 三本さんぼん, 一枚いちまい, 一個いっこ, 一冊いっさつ, 一台いちだい, 一匹いっぴき. Say those seven out loud in that order once a day for a week. 一本いっぽん and 一匹いっぴき force the p-sound, 三本さんぼん forces the b-sound, and 一枚いちまい and 一個いっこ stay flat — so the whole table above is in your mouth rather than on a page you look up.

The ones worth recognising

You do not need to produce these, but you will meet them constantly.

Counter For Example
〜冊さつ (さつ) Books 本ほんを三冊さんさつ
〜台だい (だい) Machines, cars, bikes 車くるまが二台にだい
〜匹ひき (ひき) Small animals 猫ねこが三匹さんびき
〜杯はい (はい) Also squid and octopus, oddly イカ二杯にはい
〜足あし (そく) Pairs of footwear 靴下くつしたを二足にそく
〜軒けん (けん) Houses and shops 二軒にけん目め
〜羽はね (わ) Birds and rabbits 鳥とりが二羽にわ

二軒にけん目め is worth knowing socially: it means "the second bar of the night," and 二軒にけん目め行いく? is one of the most common invitations in Japan.

〜回かい and 〜番ばん: times and order

Two more counters earn their place because they are not about objects at all.

〜回かい (かい) counts occasions — how many times something happened.

日本にほんに二回にかい行いきました。 — I've been to Japan twice. 週しゅうに三回さんかい、走はしります。 — I run three times a week.

〜番ばん (ばん) marks position in a sequence — your number in a queue, a platform, a ranking.

三番さんばんのホームです。 — It's platform three. 一番好いちばんすきな食べ物たべものは何なんですか。 — What's your favourite food? (literally "number-one liked")

一番いちばん is worth pulling out: attached to an adjective it means "most," and it is how Japanese forms the superlative. 一番いちばん安やすい ("cheapest"), 一番近いちばんちかい ("nearest"). There is no separate superlative ending — comparison is handled entirely by these little words.

Asking "how many?"

Each counter has its own question word, built on 何なに.

何人なんにんですか。 — How many people? 何本なんぼんありますか。 — How many (bottles) are there? いくつですか。 — How many? (generic — and also "how old are you?")

いくつ is the question form of つ, so it inherits the same generic usefulness. Note the double meaning: おいくつですか asked of a person means "how old are you," politely.

〜目め makes it an ordinal

Add 目め to turn "two" into "the second."

二本目にほんめのビール — the second beer 三回目さんかいめです。 — It's my third time. 一人目ひとりめ — the first person

三回目さんかいめ in particular is worth having: 日本にほんは三回目さんかいめです ("this is my third time in Japan") is a sentence almost every visitor needs.

Age has its own counter, and one famous exception

〜歳さい (さい) counts years of age, and it behaves like the others — except for twenty.

二十歳はたち(はたち) — twenty years old. 三十歳さんじゅうさいです。 — I'm thirty. 何歳なんさいですか。 — How old are you?

はたち is a survival from the older number system, and it is the only age with its own word. It carries weight beyond arithmetic: twenty is the traditional age of adulthood in Japan, marked by a national coming-of-age ceremony, so 二十歳はたち turns up in conversation far more often than any other number of years.

You will also see 才さい written instead of 歳さい — it is a simplified stand-in used on forms and in children's writing, and it means exactly the same thing.

Counting time: why 12時間じかん and 12日にち are different shapes

Duration is where counters quietly break, because Japanese marks how long differently from which one:

Unit A point in time A length of time
Hour 12時とき (twelve o'clock) 12時間じかん (twelve hours)
Day 12日にち (the 12th) 12日間にちかん (twelve days)
Week 第だい2週しゅう (week 2) 2週間しゅうかん (two weeks)
Month 2月がつ (February) 2か月がつ (two months)
Year 2026年ねん (the year 2026) 2年間ねんかん (two years)

12時間じかん、寝ねました。 — I slept for twelve hours. (polite; 時間じかん makes it a duration) 12日間にちかん、旅行りょこうしました。 — I travelled for twelve days. (polite; 間あいだ makes it a duration)

Two traps live here. First, 間あいだ is what turns a date into a length — without it, 12日にち is the twelfth of the month, not twelve days. Second, 月がつ is the odd one out: 2月がつ is February, and two months is 2か月がつ (also written 2ヶ月がつ or 2カ月がつ), never 2月がつ. Saying 2月前げつまえ when you mean "two months ago" produces "before February", which is a real sentence and completely the wrong one.

時間じかん is doubly confusing because it is both the word for "time" and the counter for hours. 何時間なんじかん is "how many hours"; 何時なんじ is "what time".

How does it sound in anime?

Counters mostly appear in the ordinary places, but two patterns are worth listening for:

一人ひとりで大丈夫だいじょうぶ? — Are you okay on your own? もう一杯いっぱい。 — One more drink. 三人さんにん分ふん、お願ねがい。 — Three portions, please. (〜人分にんぶん — servings for that many people)

〜分ふん (ぶん) after a counter means "worth of" or "a portion for": 二人分ふたりぶん ("enough for two"), 一日分いちにちぶん ("a day's worth"). It is quietly one of the most useful suffixes in the language.

Common mistakes

  • Using a bare number. ビールを二にください is not a sentence. It needs 二本にほん or 二ふたつ.
  • にんにん for one and two people. 一人ひとり is ひとり and 二人ふたり is ふたり. 三人さんにん onward is regular.
  • しにん for four people. It is よにん. Japanese avoids し in counting because of 死し.
  • いちほん, いちはい. They become いっぽん and いっぱい. The 1/6/8/10 doubling is the pattern.
  • Putting the counter before the noun. 二本にほんのビール is stiff. Say ビールを二本にほん.
  • Panicking when you forget one. Use 〜つ up to ten, or 〜個こ. Both are understood everywhere, and using the generic counter is far better than freezing.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: the same request, one specific counter and one generic.

1. Order two beers.

Show answer

ビールを二本にほんください — 本ほん is the counter for long thin things, including bottles. Word order: noun + を + number + counter.

2. You've forgotten 本ほん. Order two of them anyway.

Show answer

ビールを二ふたつください — つ works for almost anything up to ten. This is the pair to question 1: less precise, completely understood.

3. You walk into a restaurant with one other person. What do you say?

Show answer

二人ふたりです — ふたり, not ににん. A complete sentence on its own, and exactly what the staff are waiting for.

4. How do you say "four people," and why not しにん?

Show answer

よにん — し is avoided in counting because it sounds like 死し. This is also why 四よ is usually よん rather than し.

5. Say "one bottle" out loud. What happens to the sound?

Show answer

いっぽん — 1, 6, 8 and 10 double the consonant and shift h to p. 3 shifts to b: さんぼん.

6. Buy two tickets.

Show answer

切符きっぷを二枚にまいお願ねがいします — 枚まい is for flat things: tickets, paper, plates, shirts. It has no sound changes at all.

7. Ask how many people there are.

Show answer

何人なんにんですか — question words are built on 何なに plus the counter: 何本なんぼん, 何枚なんまい, 何回なんかい. The generic one is いくつ.

8. Say "this is my third time."

Show answer

三回目さんかいめです — 目め turns a count into an ordinal. 日本にほんは三回目さんかいめです is a sentence almost every visitor needs.

9. What does 二軒にけん目め mean, and why does it matter socially?

Show answer

The second bar of the night — 軒けん counts buildings and shops. 二軒にけん目め行いく? is one of the most common invitations you will hear in Japan.

10. What does 二人分ふたりぶん mean?

Show answer

Enough for two people — 分ふん after a counter means "worth of" or "a portion for." 一日分いちにちぶん is a day's worth.

FAQ

Do I really have to learn all of them? No. Learn つ, 人ひと, 本ほん, 枚まい, 個こ and 杯はい properly, recognise 冊さつ, 台だい and 匹ひき, and use つ or 個こ for everything else. Native speakers occasionally hesitate over obscure counters themselves.

Is it rude to use the wrong counter? Not at all. It marks you as a learner, nothing more, and Japanese speakers will usually just repeat the sentence with the right one — which is a free lesson. Freezing is worse than guessing.

Why is squid counted with 杯はい? Historically, because an octopus or squid was imagined as a vessel. It is genuinely irregular, and it is the standard example Japanese people give when asked about strange counters — along with rabbits taking 羽はね, the bird counter.

What about very large numbers? The counters stay the same; only the number changes: 二十にじゅう本ほん (にじゅっぽん), 百枚ひゃくまい (ひゃくまい). The sound-change rules still apply to whatever the final digit does.

How do I ask someone's age politely? おいくつですか. It is literally "how many?", using the generic いくつ, and it is softer than 何歳なんさいですか. As with any age question, read the situation before asking.

Does the counter always come after the noun? In normal speech, yes: ビールを二本にほん. The alternative 二本にほんのビール exists but sounds written and formal. Stick with the noun-first order and you will always sound natural.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

一つ	ひとつ — one (thing)
二つ	ふたつ — two (things)
三つ	みっつ — three (things)
一人	ひとり — one person, alone
二人	ふたり — two people
四人	よにん — four people
一本	いっぽん — one (long thin thing)
三本	さんぼん — three (long thin things)
一枚	いちまい — one (flat thing)
一個	いっこ — one (small object)
一杯	いっぱい — one cupful
一冊	いっさつ — one book
一台	いちだい — one machine or vehicle
一匹	いっぴき — one small animal
二軒目	にけんめ — the second bar or shop
いくつ	いくつ — how many; how old
何人	なんにん — how many people
ビール	ビール — beer
切符	きっぷ — ticket
卵	たまご — egg
靴下	くつした — socks
鳥	とり — bird
猫	ねこ — cat
車	くるま — car

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners treat counters as a memorisation problem and they are really a confidence problem — the fix is knowing that 〜つ and 〜個こ will carry you through any shop in Japan, so you never have to stop mid-sentence.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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