LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 14, 2026

〜と思おもいます: the quotation particle, and why です never goes in front of it

と is the quotation particle: it wraps a whole sentence so another verb can report it. The sentence inside must be in **plain form**, because politeness belongs to the outer verb. 高たかいですと思おもいます is wrong; 高たかいと思おもいます is right, and it is already polite.

This is the grammar that lets you have opinions in Japanese, and the plain-form rule is the one thing standing between most beginners and saying what they think.

The basics

The shape

[plain-form sentence] + と + 思おもう / 言いう

この店みせは高たかいと思おもいます。 — I think this place is expensive. (polite — 高たかい is plain inside, 思おもいます carries the politeness) 彼かれは来こないと言いいました。 — He said he isn't coming. (polite past)

The と is doing exactly what quotation marks do in English, except it comes after the quoted part instead of surrounding it.

What goes in front of と

Word type Form inside と Example
Verb plain 行いくと思おもいます
い-adjective plain 高たかいと思おもいます
な-adjective だ 便利べんりだと思おもいます
Noun だ 学生がくせいだと思おもいます

な-adjectives and nouns keep their だ here — the opposite of what happens before かもしれない, where the だ is deleted. Two grammar points, two opposite rules, and both are common enough that mixing them up is noticeable.

この方法ほうほうが便利べんりだと思おもいます。 — I think this method is convenient. (polite — だ kept)

Politeness goes on the outside

The point of the plain-form rule is that a Japanese sentence carries its register once, at the end. Piling です inside a quote is like saying "I think that it is expensive, sir, politely" — the politeness is in the wrong place. If the だ/です split is clear to you, this follows from it.

Beyond the basics

Put the negative inside, not outside

English says "I don't think he'll come." Japanese overwhelmingly prefers the negative inside the quote:

彼かれは来こないと思おもいます。 — I don't think he'll come. (polite — natural)

来くると思おもいません is grammatical but sounds odd and slightly emphatic, like insisting you hold no such thought. Almost every time, negate the inner sentence.

思おもいます vs 思おもっています

This one is a genuine rule, not a nuance:

Form Whose thought Example
〜と思おもいます Your own, right now 高たかいと思おもいます
〜と思おもっています An ongoing thought, or someone else's 彼かれは行いきたいと思おもっています

You cannot say 彼かれは行いきたいと思おもいます. In Japanese you do not have direct access to another person's mind, so their thoughts are reported as ongoing states with the teiru form — or hedged with らしい, ようだ or そうだ.

将来しょうらい、日本にほんで働はたらきたいと思おもっています。 — I'm thinking of working in Japan in the future. (polite — an intention held over time, about yourself)

For yourself, 思おもっています signals a settled, longer-held view; 思おもいます is what you think at this moment.

Reported speech: 言いっていました

田中たなかさんは明日あした休やすむと言いっていました。 — Tanaka said he's taking tomorrow off. (polite past)

言いいました reports the act of saying; 言いっていました reports the content and is what you actually use when passing a message on. If you want to name a source more formally, that is 〜によると.

The casual って

In speech, って replaces と constantly:

無理むりだって思おもった。 — I thought it was impossible. (casual) 明日あした雨あめだって。 — Apparently it'll rain tomorrow. (casual — って alone, with the verb dropped entirely)

That second pattern — ending on って with no reporting verb — is one of the most common things in casual Japanese. The listener supplies "someone said."

Direct quotes

For a word-for-word quote, use 「」 and keep the original politeness inside:

彼かれは「ありがとうございます」と言いいました。 — He said, "thank you very much." (polite past — the quote keeps its own register)

This is the one place です can sit in front of と, because you are reporting the exact words rather than the content.

Other verbs that take と

と is not only for 思おもう and 言いう. It works with 書かく, 聞きく, 答こたえる, 決きめる, 感かんじる, and with 呼よぶ for names:

これは日本語にほんごで「畳たたみ」と言いいます。 — This is called tatami in Japanese. (polite — naming)

〜と言いいます for naming things is one of the highest-value sentence patterns for a beginner, because it lets you ask about and store new vocabulary on the spot.

Common mistakes

  • 高たかいですと思おもいます. Plain form inside: 高たかいと思おもいます.
  • 便利べんりと思おもいます. な-adjectives keep だ: 便利べんりだと思おもいます.
  • 彼かれは行いきたいと思おもいます. Other people's thoughts take 思おもっています.
  • 来くると思おもいません. Put the negative inside: 来こないと思おもいます.
  • Using が instead of と. と is the quotation particle; が marks a subject. 高たかいが思おもいます is not a sentence.
  • Forgetting って exists. In casual speech you will hear it far more often than と.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 6 and 7 are a pair: the same thought, and whose head it is in decides the verb.

1. Say "I think this place is expensive."

Show answer

この店みせは高たかいと思おもいます — plain form inside と, politeness on 思おもいます.

2. Something is wrong here: この店みせは高たかいですと思おもいます。

Show answer

高たかいと思おもいます — です never goes in front of と for a reported thought. A Japanese sentence carries its register once, at the end.

3. Something is wrong here: この方法ほうほうが便利べんりと思おもいます。

Show answer

便利べんりだと思おもいます — な-adjectives and nouns keep their だ here, the opposite of the rule before かもしれない.

4. Say "I don't think he'll come."

Show answer

彼かれは来こないと思おもいます — the negative goes inside the quote. 来くると思おもいません is grammatical but sounds like you are insisting.

5. Say "I'm thinking of working in Japan in the future."

Show answer

将来しょうらい、日本にほんで働はたらきたいと思おもっています — 思おもっています for a settled intention held over time.

6. Say "I think it's expensive" — your own thought, right now.

Show answer

高たかいと思おもいます — your own current thought takes 思おもいます.

7. Say "he thinks it's expensive."

Show answer

彼かれは高たかいと思おもっています — another person's thought must be 思おもっています. This is the pair to question 6: Japanese does not claim direct access to someone else's mind.

8. Pass on a message: Tanaka is taking tomorrow off.

Show answer

田中たなかさんは明日あした休やすむと言いっていました — 言いっていました reports the content; 言いいました reports the act of saying.

9. What does 明日あした雨あめだって mean, and what is missing?

Show answer

"Apparently it'll rain tomorrow" — the reporting verb — casual Japanese ends on って and lets the listener supply "someone said."

10. Ask what something is called in Japanese, then answer for 畳たたみ.

Show answer

これは日本語にほんごで何なんと言いいますか / これは日本語にほんごで「畳たたみ」と言いいます — 〜と言いいます for naming is one of the most useful beginner patterns, because it lets you collect vocabulary on the spot.

FAQ

Can と follow a question? Yes, with か inside: どこに行いくか分わかりません ("I don't know where they're going"). Embedded questions take か rather than と.

Is と思おもう rude? No — the opposite. Adding と思おもいます softens an assertion, which is why Japanese speakers attach it to statements they are quite sure of.

What about 〜と思おもわれる? The passive form, used in formal writing to depersonalise an opinion: 〜と思おもわれます ("it is thought that"). Common in reports.

Can I stack it with でしょう? Yes: 高たかいと思おもうでしょう? ("you'd think it's expensive, right?"). It gets heavy quickly, though.

Is って ever written? In casual writing — messages, social media, dialogue in fiction — constantly. In formal writing, use と.

Why do I hear 〜と思おもうんですけど so often? と思おもう gives the opinion, んです frames it as explanation, けど leaves it open. Three softeners on one opinion is completely normal in Japanese.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

思う	おもう — to think
言う	いう — to say
店	みせ — shop
高い	たかい — expensive
来る	くる — to come
便利	べんり — convenient
方法	ほうほう — method
学生	がくせい — student
将来	しょうらい — the future
働く	はたらく — to work
明日	あした — tomorrow
休む	やすむ — to take time off
雨	あめ — rain
無理	むり — impossible
畳	たたみ — tatami
答える	こたえる — to answer
決める	きめる — to decide
感じる	かんじる — to feel
呼ぶ	よぶ — to call (a name)
書く	かく — to write
聞く	きく — to hear, to ask
分かる	わかる — to understand

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners hold back their opinions for months because they are unsure how to attach them to a sentence. It is one particle, one rule — plain form inside — and then you can say what you think.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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