LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Talking to real people · Sep 19, 2026

残業ざんぎょう, 出勤しゅっきん, 有給ゆうきゅう: the Japanese work vocabulary that arrives late and matters early

残業ざんぎょう is overtime — literally "remaining work" — and it belongs to a set of workplace words that beginners meet in conversation years before any textbook introduces them.

Textbooks teach 会社員かいしゃいん ("company employee") in chapter one and then leave the topic for a decade. Meanwhile, the first real conversation you have with a Japanese adult will land on work within about four minutes, and it will contain 残業ざんぎょう, 出勤しゅっきん, 有給ゆうきゅう and 転勤てんきん — none of which are guessable, two of which take the wrong verb if you guess, and one of which gets confused with a word that means something entirely different.

The basics

The core four

残業ざんぎょう (ざんぎょう) — overtime. 残のこる ("to remain") plus 業ぎょう ("work"). .出勤しゅっきん (しゅっきん) — going in to work, reporting for duty. The opposite is 退勤たいきん (たいきん), clocking off. .通勤つうきん (つうきん) — commuting. The word on every rail notice and every housing advert. 有給ゆうきゅう (ゆうきゅう) — paid leave. Short for 有給休暇ゆうきゅうきゅうか (ゆうきゅうきゅうか), "paid holiday."

今日きょうは残業ざんぎょうです。 — I'm working late today. (polite, the everyday phrasing) 明日あしたは出勤しゅっきんじゃないです。 — I'm not in tomorrow. (polite, casual register)

Notice that 残業ざんぎょうです works as a complete sentence. Japanese is comfortable naming the situation rather than building a verb around it, and 残業ざんぎょうです is far more common than any fuller sentence you might construct.

働はたらく and 勤つとめる take different particles

This is the trap inside the topic. Both mean "to work," and they demand different particles.

会社かいしゃで働はたらいています。 — I work at a company. (polite; で marks the site of the activity) 銀行ぎんこうに勤つとめています。 — I work for a bank. (polite; に marks the organisation you belong to)

働はたらく is the activity — you do work, somewhere. 勤つとめる is belonging to an employer, closer to "to be employed by," which is why it takes に. Saying 銀行ぎんこうで勤つとめています is the single most common mistake in this area, and で vs に is the page that sorts out why.

Both usually appear in the ている form, because you are describing an ongoing state rather than an action happening now. 働はたらきます, plain and non-continuous, sounds like a plan for later today.

有給ゆうきゅう takes 取とる, not する

Compound nouns of this type usually take する. 有給ゆうきゅう does not. You take leave: 有給ゆうきゅうを取とる.

来週らいしゅう、有給ゆうきゅうを取とります。 — I'm taking paid leave next week. (polite, the standard phrasing) 半休はんきゅうを取とりました。 — I took a half-day. (polite; 半休はんきゅう = half a day off)

有給ゆうきゅうします is wrong in the same way 休暇きゅうかします is — a mistake covered alongside its neighbours in 休憩きゅうけい, 休暇きゅうか, 休やすみ. The rule of thumb: time off is something you take, not something you do.

Written, you will see both 有給ゆうきゅう and 有休ゆうきゅう. They are the same word, shortened from 有給休暇ゆうきゅうきゅうか at different points; 有休ゆうきゅう is more common on forms.

The ones that do take する

残業ざんぎょうする, 出勤しゅっきんする, 退勤たいきんする, 通勤つうきんする, 出張しゅっちょうする — all fine, all normal.

毎日まいにち一時間いちじかん通勤つうきんしています。 — I commute an hour each day. (polite) 来週らいしゅう、大阪おおさかに出張しゅっちょうします。 — I'm going to Osaka on a business trip next week. (polite)

Beyond the basics

転勤てんきん, 転職てんしょく, 出張しゅっちょう — three that get mixed up

They share a kanji or a shape, and they describe three completely different life events.

  • 転勤てんきん (てんきん) — a transfer: the same company moves you to a different office, often a different city. It is announced, not requested.
  • 転職てんしょく (てんしょく) — changing jobs: a new employer entirely.
  • 出張しゅっちょう (しゅっちょう) — a business trip: you go, you work, you come back.

転勤てんきんすることになりました。 — It's been decided that I'll be transferring. (polite; the modest way to announce it)

That ことになりました framing — presenting the decision as having arrived rather than as yours — is the standard register for company news about yourself, and it is doing real social work.

定時ていじ and what it implies

定時ていじ (ていじ) is the official finishing time, and 定時ていじで帰かえる ("to leave at the scheduled time") is a phrase with a life of its own.

今日きょうは定時ていじで帰かえります。 — I'm leaving on time today. (polite; a small announcement, not a neutral fact)

The reason the phrase exists is that leaving exactly on time has historically been notable enough to mention. You will also meet サービス残業ざんぎょう (サービスざんぎょう) — unpaid overtime, where サービス has its Japanese sense of "on the house." The word being a compound of "service" and "overtime" tells you most of what you need to know about it.

The words for how the work is arranged

  • 在宅勤務ざいたくきんむ (ざいたくきんむ) — working from home. テレワーク and リモートワーク are both used, with 在宅勤務ざいたくきんむ the formal one on documents.
  • シフト — a shift, in shift work. シフトが入いる is to be put on the rota.
  • 正社員せいしゃいん (せいしゃいん) — a permanent full-time employee, as against パート, アルバイト, and 派遣はけん (はけん, dispatched or agency staff).
  • 人手不足ひとでぶそく (ひとでぶそく) — a labour shortage. You will hear this constantly in any conversation about why a shop closed early.
  • ワンオペ — one person running a shift alone. From "one operation," and used about parenting as often as about work.

人手不足ひとでぶそくで、店みせが早はやく閉しまりました。 — The shop closed early because they're short-staffed. (polite; で marks the cause)

When work is done to you

Japanese has a grammatical form specifically for "I was made to do this," and workplace conversation is where learners meet it first.

残業ざんぎょうさせられました。 — I was made to work overtime. (polite; causative-passive — and it carries a complaint)

That させられる shape is the causative-passive, and it is unmistakably negative in tone: something was imposed on you. It is fully explained in causative-passive 〜させられる. Knowing it is the difference between hearing a colleague complain and hearing a colleague describe their schedule.

The commuting vocabulary you will actually use

通勤つうきん brings a small cluster with it: 通勤時間つうきんじかん (commute time), 通勤つうきんラッシュ (rush hour), 通勤定期つうきんていき (a commuter pass), 満員電車まんいんでんしゃ (a packed train). Housing adverts describe everything in terms of 駅えきから徒歩とほ◯分ふん — "◯ minutes' walk from the station" — because commute length is how apartments are priced. The transport half of this vocabulary is in Japanese transportation vocabulary.

Common mistakes

  • 銀行ぎんこうで勤つとめています. 勤つとめる takes に. Use で only with 働はたらく.
  • 有給ゆうきゅうします. Leave is taken: 有給ゆうきゅうを取とります.
  • Confusing 転勤てんきん and 転職てんしょく. One is your company moving you; the other is you leaving it. Getting this wrong in conversation produces real confusion about someone's life.
  • Using 働はたらきます for your current job. The ている form is what describes an ongoing situation: 働はたらいています.
  • Translating "part-time job" as パート by default. パート usually implies a regular, often older, often female workforce; a student's part-time job is アルバイト, frequently shortened to バイト.

The words, at a glance

Word Reading Means Verb it takes
残業ざんぎょう ざんぎょう Overtime する
出勤しゅっきん しゅっきん Going in to work する
退勤たいきん たいきん Clocking off する
通勤つうきん つうきん Commuting する
出張しゅっちょう しゅっちょう Business trip する
転勤てんきん てんきん Transfer within a company する/になる
転職てんしょく てんしょく Changing employers する
有給ゆうきゅう (有休ゆうきゅう) ゆうきゅう Paid leave 取とる
半休はんきゅう はんきゅう Half-day off 取とる
定時ていじ ていじ Scheduled finishing time で帰かえる
在宅勤務ざいたくきんむ ざいたくきんむ Working from home する
人手不足ひとでぶそく ひとでぶそく Short-staffed (noun; 〜で for cause)

FAQ

Is it rude to ask someone about their work in Japanese? No — お仕事しごとは何なんですか is standard small talk and expected early in a conversation. What is less welcome is asking about salary, which is as private in Japan as anywhere else and more so than in some places.

Why is 残業ざんぎょう written with 業ぎょう rather than 仕事しごと? 業ぎょう is the formal, compound-forming morpheme for work or industry — the same one in 工業こうぎょう (industry), 農業のうぎょう (agriculture), 営業えいぎょう (sales). 仕事しごと is the everyday standalone noun. Japanese compounds reach for the Chinese-derived reading, which is why so much workplace vocabulary looks opaque until you spot the shared pieces.

What is the difference between 休やすみ and 有給ゆうきゅう? 休やすみ is any day you are not working, including weekends. 有給ゆうきゅう is specifically paid annual leave that you request and that comes out of an allowance. 明日あしたは休やすみです says nothing about which kind it is, which is often precisely the point.

How do I say "I'm off work today" casually? 今日きょうは休やすみです. If you want to be clear it is leave you took, 今日きょうは有給ゆうきゅうです. Both are natural, and the first is what you will hear most.

Is サービス残業ざんぎょう a word people say out loud? Yes, frequently and wryly. It is not formal terminology but it is universally understood, and it appears in news coverage as well as in complaints.

Does 出勤しゅっきん only apply to offices? No. It applies to any workplace you report to — a shop, a restaurant, a hospital. If you go somewhere to work, that is 出勤しゅっきん. Working from home is 在宅勤務ざいたくきんむ, which is deliberately a different word.

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair, and so are 5 and 6 — one kanji changes the whole situation.

1. Say "I work at a company" using 働はたらく.

Show answer

会社かいしゃで働はたらいています — 働はたらく takes で, because it marks the place where the activity happens. This is the pair to question 2.

2. Say "I work for a bank" using 勤つとめる.

Show answer

銀行ぎんこうに勤つとめています — 勤つとめる takes に, because it marks the organisation you belong to. This is the pair to question 1.

3. Something is wrong here: 来週らいしゅう、有給ゆうきゅうします。

Show answer

来週らいしゅう、有給ゆうきゅうを取とります — leave is taken, not done. 有給ゆうきゅう does not pair with する.

4. Say "I'm working late today," in the shortest natural way.

Show answer

今日きょうは残業ざんぎょうです — です is enough. 残業ざんぎょうをします is correct but longer than anyone bothers with.

5. Your company is sending you to work in Osaka permanently. Which word?

Show answer

転勤てんきん — a transfer inside the same company. This is the pair to question 6.

6. You are leaving to join a different company. Which word?

Show answer

転職てんしょく — changing employers entirely. This is the pair to question 5.

7. Say "I was made to work overtime."

Show answer

残業ざんぎょうさせられました — the causative-passive. It says the overtime was imposed, and it carries a complaint.

8. Say "I'm leaving on time today."

Show answer

今日きょうは定時ていじで帰かえります — 定時ていじ is the scheduled finishing time, and で marks it as the point of departure.

9. Say "The shop closed early because they were short-staffed."

Show answer

人手不足ひとでぶそくで、店みせが早はやく閉しまりました — で marks the cause here, not a place. Same particle, different job.

10. What does 転勤てんきんすることになりました say that 転勤てんきんします does not?

Show answer

That the decision arrived rather than being yours — ことになる is the modest register for announcing company news about yourself.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

残業	ざんぎょう — overtime
出勤	しゅっきん — going in to work
退勤	たいきん — clocking off, leaving work
通勤	つうきん — commuting
出張	しゅっちょう — business trip
転勤	てんきん — transfer within a company
転職	てんしょく — changing jobs
有給	ゆうきゅう — paid leave
半休	はんきゅう — half-day off
定時	ていじ — scheduled finishing time
在宅勤務	ざいたくきんむ — working from home
正社員	せいしゃいん — permanent full-time employee
派遣	はけん — agency or dispatched staff
人手不足	ひとでぶそく — short of staff
満員電車	まんいんでんしゃ — packed train
働く	はたらく — to work
勤める	つとめる — to be employed at
取る	とる — to take
帰る	かえる — to go home
会社	かいしゃ — company

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Work comes up in almost every lesson, because it is what adults talk about — and 残業ざんぎょうさせられました is one of the first advanced-looking sentences most of my students genuinely need, rather than one they are handed.

Book a trial lesson · $13

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

Want to try this in a real conversation?

30-minute trial lesson, $13. Times shown in your own timezone.

Book a trial lesson · $13