LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Talking to real people · Sep 20, 2026

Japanese words for tired: 疲つかれた, 眠ねむい, だるい, へとへと and which one to use

疲つかれた means tired from doing something, 眠ねむい means sleepy, だるい means heavy and sluggish in a way that hints at being unwell, and へとへと means completely wiped out. English uses "tired" for all four, and Japanese does not.

This matters more than most vocabulary sets, because these are words you will want on days when you do not have the energy to search for the right one. Getting them apart once, properly, means the correct word arrives on its own when you need it.

The basics

疲つかれた — tired from effort

The default. It is the past tense of 疲つかれる, "to become tired", and Japanese uses the past form for the current state — you became tired, so now you are.

今日きょうは疲つかれた。 — I'm tired today. (casual) 仕事しごとで疲つかれました。 — I got tired from work. (polite)

Saying 疲つかれている is also correct and slightly different: it describes the ongoing state rather than the change into it. In practice 疲つかれた is what people say.

眠ねむい — sleepy

Not the same thing at all. 眠ねむい is specifically wanting to sleep, which can happen while you are perfectly rested.

眠ねむくなってきた。 — I'm getting sleepy. (casual) 朝あさは眠ねむいです。 — I'm sleepy in the mornings. (polite)

眠ねぶたい is a common variant with the same meaning and a slightly softer feel. Both are い-adjectives, so they conjugate as adjectives: 眠ねむくない, 眠ねむかった.

だるい — heavy, sluggish

The one learners are usually missing. だるい describes a body that feels heavy and uncooperative, and it carries a hint of being slightly unwell — the word you use when a fever is coming.

なんか体からだがだるい。 — My body feels heavy somehow. (casual) 熱ねつがあってだるいです。 — I have a fever and feel sluggish. (polite) 疲つかれたから、今日きょうは休やすむ。明日あしたは元気げんきになるよ。 — I'm tired, so I'm resting today. I'll be fine tomorrow. (casual)

Because of that association, だるい is the word to use if you want someone to understand you might actually be ill rather than merely tired. The rest of the vocabulary for that conversation is in how to say you're sick in Japanese.

Beyond the basics

へとへと and くたくた — the wiped-out pair

Both are onomatopoeic and both mean exhausted, and they are extremely common in speech.

もうへとへとだ。 — I'm completely wiped out. (casual) 一日いちにち歩あるいてくたくたです。 — I'm worn out from walking all day. (polite)

くたくた leans physical — legs, a long day on your feet. へとへと covers physical and mental both. Neither is slang; they are ordinary adult vocabulary, and they belong to the wider onomatopoeia system covered in Japanese onomatopoeia.

疲つかれる vs 飽あきる — tired of, not tired out

A trap that produces real misunderstandings. "I'm tired of this" is not 疲つかれた; it is 飽あきた, "I've had enough of it".

この曲きょく、飽あきた。 — I'm sick of this song. (casual) この曲きょくを聞きいて疲つかれた。 — Listening to this song wore me out. (casual — a different claim)

飽あきる is about boredom and saturation; 疲つかれる is about energy. Saying 疲つかれた about a person is not a subtle way of saying they bore you — it says they exhausted you, which is its own accusation.

お疲つかれさま is not "you look tired"

This is the single most common confusion in the set. お疲つかれさま uses the same kanji but is a greeting, not an observation about someone's condition.

お疲つかれさまです。 — (a standard greeting to a colleague, at any time of day) (polite)

It acknowledges that the other person has been working, which is why it functions as both hello and goodbye in a workplace. It is not something you say because someone looks worn out — and the full picture of how it is used, including 疲つかれ様さまでした at the end of a shift, is in お疲つかれさま.

The mental versions

Tiredness of the mind has its own vocabulary, and using the physical words for it sounds slightly off.

  • 疲つかれた works for both, and is the safe general choice.
  • しんどい — hard going, tough. Common in Kansai and spreading nationally.
  • やる気きが出でない — no motivation, can't get going.
  • 面倒めんどうくさい — can't be bothered. Not tiredness, but it occupies the same conversational slot.

最近さいきんしんどい。 — Things have been rough lately. (casual) やる気きが出でない。 — I can't get myself going. (casual)

Common mistakes

  • Using 疲つかれた when you mean 眠ねむい. They are different states. Being sleepy in a morning meeting is 眠ねむい, not 疲つかれた.
  • Saying 疲つかれています to explain you are tired right now. Correct but unusual; 疲つかれました or 疲つかれた is what people say.
  • Reading お疲つかれさま as "you seem tired". It is a greeting acknowledging work, not a comment on appearance.
  • Using 疲つかれた for "tired of". That is 飽あきた. The two are not interchangeable in either direction.
  • Treating だるい as plain tiredness. It suggests something is physically off, which is useful when true and misleading when not.

The set at a glance

Word Means Use when
疲つかれた Tired from effort The general default
眠ねむい Sleepy You want to sleep
だるい Heavy, sluggish, off-colour You might be getting ill
へとへと Completely wiped out Body and mind both
くたくた Worn out Mostly physical
しんどい Tough, hard going Ongoing strain
飽あきた Tired of something Boredom, not energy

FAQ

What do I say if I'm just sleepy in a lesson? 眠ねむいです. It is honest and completely normal to say — teachers hear it constantly and it is more useful than pretending.

Is だるい rude? No, it is ordinary spoken Japanese. It does carry a hint of being unwell, so it may prompt someone to ask if you are okay.

Is しんどい only used in Kansai? It started there and is now widely understood and used nationally, though it still sounds a little Kansai-flavoured to some speakers.

Why is 疲つかれた in the past tense? Because 疲つかれる means "to become tired", so the completed change is what describes your current state. Japanese does this with several verbs of change — 分わかった, 疲つかれた, お腹はらが空あいた.

How do I say "I'm tired of studying"? 勉強べんきょうに飽あきた for boredom, or 勉強べんきょうで疲つかれた if studying genuinely drained you. They say different things.

What is the polite way to say I'm exhausted at work? 疲つかれました is fine with colleagues. With a client or a superior, downplaying is safer — 少すこし疲つかれました, or simply not mentioning it.

Practice

Build each answer before opening it. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair — two states English calls the same thing.

1. You worked all day and have no energy. What do you say?

Show answer

疲つかれた — tired from effort. This is the pair to question 2.

2. You slept badly and want to sleep now. What do you say?

Show answer

眠ねむい — sleepy, not tired. This is the pair to question 1.

3. Your body feels heavy and you might be getting a fever.

Show answer

体からだがだるい — だるい hints that something is physically off.

4. Say "I'm sick of this song."

Show answer

この曲きょく、飽あきた — 飽あきる is boredom. 疲つかれた would claim the song drained you.

5. Something is wrong here: お疲つかれさまです。(said because someone looks worn out)

Show answer

It is a greeting, not an observation — お疲つかれさまです acknowledges that someone has been working. It is not a comment on how they look.

6. Say you're completely wiped out, casually.

Show answer

もうへとへとだ — へとへと covers body and mind both.

7. Say you're worn out from walking all day, politely.

Show answer

一日いちにち歩あるいてくたくたです — くたくた leans physical, which fits walking.

8. Why is 疲つかれた in the past tense?

Show answer

疲つかれる means "to become tired" — so the completed change describes the current state. 分わかった works the same way.

9. Say "I can't get myself going."

Show answer

やる気きが出でない — motivation, not energy.

10. You are sleepy in a lesson. Tell your teacher politely.

Show answer

眠ねむいです — honest and completely normal. 疲つかれました would claim something different.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

疲れる	つかれる — to get tired
眠い	ねむい — sleepy
だるい	だるい — sluggish, heavy, off-colour
へとへと	へとへと — completely worn out
くたくた	くたくた — worn out (physically)
しんどい	しんどい — tough, hard going
飽きる	あきる — to get tired of, to lose interest
熱	ねつ — fever
体	からだ — body
仕事	しごと — work
元気	げんき — energy, good health
休む	やすむ — to rest
眠る	ねむる — to sleep
やる気	やるき — motivation
面倒	めんどう — bother, trouble
曲	きょく — song, piece of music

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. だるい is the word I most often have to give students, because it is the one they need on the day they are too worn out to look it up.

Book a trial lesson · $13

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

Want to try this in a real conversation?

30-minute trial lesson, $13. Times shown in your own timezone.

Book a trial lesson · $13