LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N4Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

〜し: the "and" that means "and there''s more where that came from

〜し lists reasons and quietly signals that the list is not complete. That implication is the whole point: から gives *the* reason, し gives *a* reason and leaves the rest unsaid. It is why 疲つかれたし、帰かえろう sounds relaxed where 疲つかれたから、帰かえろう sounds like a justification.

Learners tend to meet this as "the way to list two adjectives" and then never use it, because から already works. The thing から cannot do is imply there is more.

The basics

How to build it

Attach し to the plain form. Nothing changes shape.

Type Plain With し
Verb 安やすい店みせだ / 行いく 行いくし
い-adjective 安やすい 安やすいし
な-adjective 便利べんりだ 便利べんりだし
Noun 学生がくせいだ 学生がくせいだし

Note that な-adjectives and nouns keep their だ — 便利べんりだし, 学生がくせいだし. This is the opposite of ので and んです, which turn だ into な, so it is worth noting the difference explicitly.

この店みせは安やすいし、おいしいし、近ちかいです。 — This place is cheap, tasty, and close. 日曜日にちようびだし、どこか行いこうか。 — It's Sunday, so shall we go somewhere?

Polite form works too: 安やすいですし、おいしいですし. Slightly heavier, and normal in careful speech.

One し is enough

Textbooks show two or three in a row, which makes it look like a listing device. In real conversation, a single し is far more common — and the single し is where the implication lives.

疲つかれたし、帰かえろう。 — I'm tired, so let's go home. (…and other reasons, but that's the main one) 明日あした早はやいし、そろそろ… — I've got an early start tomorrow, so… 雨あめだし、やめておこう。 — It's raining, so let's skip it.

That last one is a complete, natural sentence. One reason, し, and a conclusion. The し tells the listener you are not building a case — you are mentioning something, and there are probably other things you are not bothering to mention.

し vs から: what changes

Form What it says
〜から This is the reason.
〜ので This is the situation. (softer, more neutral)
〜し This is a reason, among others.

疲つかれたから、帰かえります。 — I'm going home because I'm tired. (stating a cause) 疲つかれたし、帰かえります。 — I'm tired, so I'll head home. (one of my reasons)

から points at a cause and stands behind it. し gestures at a reason and lets it be partial. In a refusal especially, し is gentler, because it does not commit you to the claim that this was decisive — which is the same softening instinct behind ので versus から.

Beyond the basics

It lists good things and bad things equally

し is neutral about what it is stacking, which makes it the natural form for both praise and complaint.

静しずかだし、駅えきも近ちかいし、いい部屋へやですね。 — It's quiet, the station's close — it's a nice place. 高たかいし、遠とおいし、サービスも悪わるい。 — It's expensive, it's far, and the service is bad.

What it will not do is mix directions. A list of positives followed by a negative needs けど or が: 安やすいし、おいしいけど、遠とおい ("it's cheap and tasty, but far"). Putting a negative into the middle of a し-chain reads as a mistake, because し implies everything in the list is pointing the same way.

The conclusion can be left off entirely

Because し already implies "and therefore," you can stop after it.

もう遅おそいし… — It's late, so… (and I'm leaving) お金きんもないし。 — And I've got no money. (so, no)

This is the same trailing-off that makes 〜から… and ちょっと… into complete refusals. The listener supplies the conclusion, and nobody has to say the awkward part out loud. It is one of the most useful shapes in spoken Japanese and one of the hardest for learners to allow themselves to use.

も often shows up with it

When you are stacking reasons, も ("also") frequently appears inside the し clauses, reinforcing the "and more" feeling.

時間じかんもないし、お金きんもないし。 — I've got no time, no money… 雨あめも降ふってるし、やめよう。 — It's raining too, let's not.

時間じかんもない (rather than 時間じかんがない) already says "that's another thing missing." Paired with し, the sentence is doing a lot of implying with very few words.

Listing with 〜たり compared

し and 〜たり〜たり both list, and they list different things.

Form Lists Example
〜し Reasons and qualities 安やすいし、近ちかいし
〜たり〜たり Example actions 食たべたり飲のんだりした

〜たり gives a sample of what you did — "we ate, drank, that sort of thing" — and implies other activities as well. So both forms share the "and more" feeling; they just apply it to different material. If you are describing a day, you want たり. If you are explaining why, you want し.

週末しゅうまつは本ほんを読よんだり、映画えいがを見みたりしました。 — At the weekend I read, watched a film, that kind of thing. 週末しゅうまつは暇ひまだし、天気てんきもいいし。 — The weekend's free, the weather's good…

As a casual sentence ender

In casual speech し can simply end a sentence, adding a mild "anyway" or "besides."

まあ、いいし。 — Eh, it's fine anyway. 別べつにいいし。 — I don't care, whatever.

This use is casual and slightly offhand — it can read as sulky depending on tone, so it is worth recognising more than producing. 別べつにいいし in particular is a very specific register: young, casual, and mildly defensive.

How does it sound in anime?

The single-し reason and the trailing version both appear constantly:

危あぶないし、やめとけ。 — It's dangerous, just drop it. 今日きょうは疲つかれたし。 — I'm tired today, so… (trailing) お前まえがいるし、大丈夫だいじょうぶだ。 — You're here, so it's fine.

That last one is worth noticing: the し makes it warmer than から would. お前まえがいるから大丈夫だいじょうぶだ states a cause; お前まえがいるし、大丈夫だいじょうぶだ mentions a reason among others, which somehow lands as more casual and more sincere at once.

Common mistakes

  • 便利べんりなし / 学生がくせいなし. な-adjectives and nouns keep だ before し: 便利べんりだし, 学生がくせいだし. This is the opposite of ので.
  • Thinking you need two. One し is the more common and more natural shape.
  • Mixing positives and negatives in one chain. 安やすいし、遠とおい reads as broken. Use けど to turn the direction.
  • Using it where から is meant. If you are giving the reason — an explanation someone has asked for — から or ので is right. し is for mentioning.
  • Over-using the sentence-ending し. 別べつにいいし is a specific casual register, and it can sound sulky.
  • Refusing to trail off. もう遅おそいし… is a complete, polite refusal. Finishing the sentence makes it heavier, not clearer.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: the same reason, and the connector decides whether you are justifying yourself.

1. Join 安やすい and おいしい with し.

Show answer

安やすいし、おいしい — い-adjectives attach directly to the plain form. Nothing changes shape.

2. Something is wrong here: 便利べんりなし、駅えきも近ちかい。

Show answer

便利べんりだし — な-adjectives and nouns keep だ before し. This is the opposite of ので, where だ becomes な.

3. Say "I'm tired, so let's go home," casually.

Show answer

疲つかれたし、帰かえろう — one し is enough, and it is the more natural shape. The し implies other reasons you are not listing.

4. What does 疲つかれたから、帰かえります say?

Show answer

"I'm going home because I'm tired" — から points at a cause and stands behind it. It states the reason.

5. What does 疲つかれたし、帰かえります add?

Show answer

That tiredness is only one of your reasons — し gestures at a reason and leaves the rest unsaid. This is the pair to question 4: softer, less committed, better in a refusal.

6. Something is wrong here: 安やすいし、おいしいし、遠とおい。

Show answer

安やすいし、おいしいけど、遠とおい — し implies everything in the list points the same way. To turn the direction you need けど or が.

7. Refuse an invitation without finishing the sentence.

Show answer

もう遅おそいし… — し already implies "and therefore," so you can stop. The listener supplies the rest, and nobody says the awkward part out loud.

8. Why does 時間じかんもないし、お金きんもないし imply more than it says?

Show answer

も and し are both doing it — も says "that's another thing missing," and し says "and there are more reasons." Two words, a lot of implication.

9. What register is 別べつにいいし?

Show answer

Young, casual, mildly defensive — the sentence-ending し adds an offhand "anyway." Worth recognising more than producing.

10. Why does お前まえがいるし、大丈夫だいじょうぶだ sound warmer than お前まえがいるから大丈夫だいじょうぶだ?

Show answer

し mentions rather than argues — から states a cause, which is a claim. し offers one reason among others, which lands as more casual and more sincere at the same time.

FAQ

Is し formal or casual? Neutral, and it works in both. 安やすいですし、おいしいですし is perfectly polite; the sentence-ending し is the only casual-specific use.

Can I use it with just one clause and no conclusion? Yes, and it is extremely common: もう遅おそいし… That trailing shape is a complete utterance, and treating it as unfinished is a beginner's misreading.

What is the difference from 〜たり〜たり? 〜たり lists example actions ("doing things like eating and reading"). し lists reasons or qualities. They do not overlap much: 食たべたり飲のんだりする vs 安やすいしおいしい.

Does し ever mean plain "and"? It always carries the "among other things" flavour, so it is never a neutral "and." For simply joining two adjectives with no implication, use the te-form: 安やすくておいしい.

Why do な-adjectives keep だ here? Because し attaches to a complete plain-form sentence, and 便利べんりだ is that complete sentence. ので and んです attach to the noun-modifying form instead, which is why they take な. Knowing which shape a connector wants explains most of these differences at once.

Is it rude to trail off? The opposite — finishing the sentence is what can be blunt. もう遅おそいし、帰かえります is fine, but in a refusal the unfinished version does the same work more gently, and everyone understands it.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

安い	やすい — cheap
近い	ちかい — close, near
遠い	とおい — far
便利	べんり — convenient
静か	しずか — quiet
疲れる	つかれる — to get tired
帰る	かえる — to go home
日曜日	にちようび — Sunday
明日	あした — tomorrow
早い	はやい — early
雨	あめ — rain
遅い	おそい — late
時間	じかん — time
お金	おかね — money
部屋	へや — room
駅	えき — station
危ない	あぶない — dangerous
大丈夫	だいじょうぶ — fine, all right
学生	がくせい — student
別に	べつに — not particularly

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners produce から correctly for years and never reach for し, which quietly makes every explanation sound like a defence — and the fix is one syllable.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N4

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