LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Grammar, one piece at a time · Sep 13, 2026

Kasu vs kariru: how do you say lend or borrow in Japanese?

貸かす means to lend (it leaves you) and 借かりる means to borrow (it comes to you). The reason this pair is so hard is that both can take the particle に — so the particle does not tell you the direction. The verb does, and only the verb.

In most languages you can lean on prepositions to sort this out: you lend to someone and borrow from someone. Japanese takes that crutch away. 友達ともだちに貸かす and 友達ともだちに借かりる are both correct sentences with the same particle, pointing in opposite directions.

The basics

The two verbs

友達ともだちに本ほんを貸かしました。 — I lent a book to a friend. (the book left me) 友達ともだちに本ほんを借かりました。 — I borrowed a book from a friend. (the book came to me)

Identical particles. Opposite directions. If you are trying to work out which is which from に, you are looking in the wrong place.

Verb Direction Conjugation Te-form
貸かす (かす) It leaves you Group 1 貸かして
借かりる (かりる) It comes to you Group 2 借かりて
返かえす (かえす) Giving it back Group 1 返かえして

返かえす is the third member and the one learners forget: 本ほんを返かえしました ("I returned the book"). Note that 返かえす is the -su verb like 貸かす, which is a useful hook — the two verbs where something leaves your hands both end in す.

The particle, and why から is safer

貸かす always takes 人ひとに. 借かりる takes 人ひとに or 人ひとから, and から is the one that removes all ambiguity.

彼かれに千円せんえん貸かした。 — I lent him 1,000 yen. 彼かれから千円せんえん借かりた。 — I borrowed 1,000 yen from him. (から makes the source explicit) 図書館としょかんで本ほんを借かりました。 — I borrowed a book from the library. (で, because a place is where the action happened)

When you are unsure and speaking, use から with 借かりる. It is natural, it is common, and it makes the sentence unmistakable.

That library example is worth a second look: institutions take で (the place of the action), not から. 図書館としょかんから借かりる is not wrong, but 図書館としょかんで borrowing is what people say.

Asking to borrow something

Two natural ways, and they point at different people.

ペンを貸かしてください。 — Please lend me a pen. (you are asking them to act) ペンを借かりてもいいですか。 — May I borrow a pen? (you are asking permission to act) ペン、貸かしてもらえますか。 — Could you lend me a pen? (polite, the softest of the three)

貸かしてもらえますか is the one to have ready, and it is built on the te-form like most polite requests. It is polite without being stiff, and it works with almost any verb — 見みせてもらえますか, 手伝てつだってもらえますか. The 〜てもいいですか form is the permission grammar doing exactly what it always does.

Beyond the basics

This is a family, not a one-off

Once you see that Japanese puts direction inside the verb, the same shape appears everywhere — and each pair has caught every learner at least once.

Coming toward you Leaving you English pair
借かりる 貸かす borrow / lend
習ならう 教おしえる learn / teach
買かう 売うる buy / sell
もらう あげる receive / give
見みる 見みせる look at / show
聞きく 聞きかせる hear / let hear

習ならう and 教おしえる are the pair that most often goes wrong after 貸かす/借かりる, for exactly the same reason: 先生せんせいに習ならう ("learn from the teacher") and 先生せんせいに教おしえる ("teach the teacher") both take に. Japanese does not mark the direction on the noun, so it never will.

The practical takeaway is a study habit: whenever you learn a verb that involves something moving between two people, ask immediately whether it has a partner. Learning them as a pair costs nothing extra and prevents a very specific kind of embarrassing sentence.

貸かしてくれる — the version with a favour attached

くれる added to the te-form means "did it for me," and it is extremely common with 貸かす.

友達ともだちが本ほんを貸かしてくれた。 — A friend lent me a book. (and it was kind of them) お金きんを貸かしてくれませんか。 — Could you lend me some money? (polite request)

Note the particle changed: 友達ともだちが, because the friend is now the subject doing the favour. This is the most natural way to describe someone helping you out, and leaving out くれる makes a sentence sound oddly flat — 友達ともだちが本ほんを貸かした is grammatically fine but reads like a police report.

借かり as a noun: owing someone

借かり on its own means a debt or an obligation, and it is a fixed expression worth knowing.

借かりができた。 — I owe you one. この借かりは必かならず返かえす。 — I'll definitely repay this debt.

That second sentence is anime dialogue almost verbatim — it shows up whenever a character has been rescued and is not emotionally equipped to say thank you. Note it uses 返かえす, the same verb as returning a borrowed book, which is why the metaphor works in the first place.

What about レンタル?

レンタル is used for commercial rental where money changes hands and the item is not personal: レンタカー (rental car), DVDのレンタル, レンタルオフィス.

レンタカーを借かりました。 — I rented a car. (note: 借かりる is still the verb)

The word for the service is レンタル; the verb is still 借かりる. レンタルする exists but sounds like business vocabulary. For anything personal — a pen, a book, an umbrella — 借かりる with no レンタル anywhere near it.

There is also 貸し出かしだし, the formal noun for lending out, which you will see in libraries and rental counters: 貸出中かしだしちゅう ("currently on loan"). You do not need to produce it, but it is on a lot of signs.

Common mistakes

  • Reversing the two. 友達ともだちに本ほんを借かりました means you received the book. If you were the one handing it over, you needed 貸かしました. There is no particle to save you here — check the verb.
  • Using を for the person. 友達ともだちを本ほんを貸かした is doubly wrong: the person takes に, and a clause cannot have two を anyway.
  • Saying 借かりてください to mean "please lend me." That tells the other person to borrow something. You want 貸かしてください.
  • Forgetting くれる when someone did you a favour. 貸かしてくれた is what native speakers say. 貸かした on its own describes a transaction, not a kindness.
  • Using レンタルする for personal lending. Asking a friend to レンタル you a pen is a strange sentence. 貸かしてもらえますか.
  • Mixing up 返かえす and 帰かえる. Both are かえる-shaped, and they are different verbs: 返かえす is to give back an object, 帰かえる is to go home. 本ほんを帰かえす is not a sentence.

Practice

Answers are hidden — build yours first, then open. Questions 1 and 2 are a pair: identical particles, opposite directions.

1. What does 友達ともだちに本ほんを貸かしました mean?

Show answer

I lent a book to a friend — the book left you. 貸かす is the "it goes away from me" verb.

2. What does 友達ともだちに本ほんを借かりました mean?

Show answer

I borrowed a book from a friend — the book came to you. Same particle に as question 1, opposite direction. The verb is the only thing carrying that information.

3. Rewrite 彼かれに千円せんえん借かりた to make the source unmistakable.

Show answer

彼かれから千円せんえん借かりた — 借かりる accepts either に or から, and から names the source explicitly. When speaking and unsure, use から.

4. Ask politely to borrow a pen.

Show answer

ペン、貸かしてもらえますか — polite without being stiff. ペンを貸かしてください and ペンを借かりてもいいですか also work; the first asks them to act, the second asks permission for you to act.

5. Something is wrong here: ペンを借かりてください。

Show answer

ペンを貸かしてください — 借かりてください tells the other person to go and borrow something. You want them to lend, so the verb is 貸かす.

6. Say "a friend lent me a book (and it was kind of them)."

Show answer

友達ともだちが本ほんを貸かしてくれた — くれる marks it as a favour done for you, and the friend becomes the が subject. Without くれる the sentence sounds like a transaction record.

7. What is the partner verb of 習ならう, and what is the trap?

Show answer

教おしえる — and both take に — 先生せんせいに習ならう is "learn from the teacher", 先生せんせいに教おしえる is "teach the teacher". Exactly the same problem as 貸かす/借かりる, for exactly the same reason.

8. Say "I borrowed a book from the library."

Show answer

図書館としょかんで本ほんを借かりました — institutions take で, marking where the action happened. 図書館としょかんから is understood but not what people say.

9. What does 借かりができた mean?

Show answer

I owe you one — 借かり as a noun means a debt or obligation. Repaying it uses 返かえす, the same verb as returning a borrowed object.

10. Say "I rented a car."

Show answer

レンタカーを借かりました — レンタル names the service, but the verb is still 借かりる. レンタルする exists and sounds like business vocabulary.

FAQ

Is there a trick for remembering which is which? The two verbs where something leaves your hands both end in す: 貸かす (lend it out) and 返かえす (give it back). 借かりる, where something comes toward you, does not. It is not a rule of Japanese, but it is a reliable hook.

Can 借かりる take から always? With people, yes, and it is clearer. With institutions and places, で is more natural (図書館としょかんで借かりる, レンタル屋やで借かりる). から is never wrong, only sometimes less idiomatic.

How do I say "can I borrow your bathroom"? トイレをお借かりできますか, or more simply トイレを借かりてもいいですか. This is a genuinely standard phrase in Japan — asking to use a shop's or a home's toilet is phrased as borrowing it, which surprises most learners the first time.

What is the difference between 貸かしてください and 貸かしてもらえますか? Both are polite. 〜てください is a direct request, and to a stranger or someone senior it can feel a touch blunt. 〜てもらえますか asks whether they could, which leaves them room, and 〜ていただけますか is the formal step above that.

Is 借かりる ever used for things that aren't objects? Yes — 力ちからを借かりる ("borrow someone's strength," i.e. get help) and 手てを借かりる ("lend a hand") are both common set phrases. 手てを貸かして ("give me a hand") is the version you will hear shouted.

Why does 返かえす conjugate like 貸かす? Both are Group 1 verbs ending in す, so they follow the same pattern: 返かえします / 返かえして / 返かえした, 貸かします / 貸かして / 貸かした. 借かりる is Group 2 and behaves differently: 借かります / 借かりて / 借かりた.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

貸す	かす — to lend
借りる	かりる — to borrow
返す	かえす — to give back, to return (an object)
帰る	かえる — to go home
友達	ともだち — friend
本	ほん — book
図書館	としょかん — library
千円	せんえん — 1,000 yen
お金	おかね — money
習う	ならう — to learn (from someone)
教える	おしえる — to teach
売る	うる — to sell
買う	かう — to buy
見せる	みせる — to show
手伝う	てつだう — to help
借り	かり — a debt, an obligation
貸出中	かしだしちゅう — currently on loan
力	ちから — strength, power
手	て — hand

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. Learners hunt for a particle rule here and there isn't one — the fix is to stop looking at に entirely and learn the pair as a pair, which also quietly fixes 習ならう and 教おしえる before they can go wrong.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

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