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N3Lesson notes · Oct 4, 2026

Hell in Japanese: 地獄じごく (じごく), 通勤地獄つうきんじごく, 地獄耳じごくみみ, and 閻魔えんま

"Hell" in Japanese is 地獄じごく (じごく), literally "earth prison", the underground place of punishment in Buddhist tradition. In everyday speech, 〜地獄じごく means "a nightmare of ~": a packed rush-hour train is 通勤地獄つうきんじごく (つうきんじごく). Someone who hears everything has 地獄耳じごくみみ (じごくみみ), "hell ears".

Unlike English, Japanese does not use 地獄じごく as a swear word; you will not hear "what the hell" translated with it. Instead, 地獄じごく is a vivid noun for suffering, and it attaches to everyday situations with dark humor: commutes, exams, heat waves, piles of work. This post covers the word, the ruler of hell, and the idioms people actually use.

How do you say "hell" in Japanese?

What does 地獄じごく mean?

地獄じごく (じごく) is hell: the place where the wicked are punished after death. 地ち means "earth, ground" and 獄ごく means "prison".

悪わるいことをすると地獄じごくに落おちるよ。 — If you do bad things, you'll go to hell. (casual, often said to children)

地獄じごくに落おちる, "to fall into hell", is the standard verb. Heaven is the opposite: 天国てんごく (てんごく).

Who rules 地獄じごく?

閻魔えんま大王だいおう (えんまだいおう), King Enma, judges the dead in Buddhist tradition. Parents tell children that Enma will pull out the tongue of liars.

うそをつくと閻魔えんま様ように舌したを抜ぬかれるよ。 — If you lie, King Enma will pull out your tongue. (casual, a classic warning to kids)

Enma appears in many anime as the judge of the afterlife.

Is 地獄じごく a swear word?

No. 地獄じごく is not used as an exclamation like "Hell!" or "What the hell?". For "what the hell", Japanese uses things like なんだよ or は? instead.

How is 地獄じごく used in daily life?

What does 〜地獄じごく mean?

〜地獄じごく attached to a noun means "a nightmare of ~". It is common and humorous.

毎朝まいあさ、通勤地獄つうきんじごくだ。 — Every morning the commute is hell. (casual) 受験地じゅけんち獄ごくを乗り越のりこえた。 — I survived exam hell. (casual)

For packed trains, see crowded in Japanese. For exams, see pass an exam in Japanese.

What does 生いき地獄じごく mean?

生いき地獄じごく (いきじごく), "living hell", is a situation of terrible suffering while alive. It is strong and used for serious hardship.

あの職場しょくばは生いき地獄じごくだった。 — That workplace was a living hell. (casual, strong)

What does 地獄耳じごくみみ mean?

地獄耳じごくみみ (じごくみみ), "hell ears", is a person who hears everything, even whispers and gossip.

お母かあさんは地獄耳じごくみみだから、小ちいさい声こえでも聞きこえる。 — Mom has sharp ears; she hears even whispers. (casual, joking)

Word Reading Meaning
地獄じごく じごく hell
地獄じごくに落おちる じごくにおちる to go to hell
閻魔えんま大王だいおう えんまだいおう King Enma
〜地獄じごく 〜じごく a nightmare of ~
通勤地獄つうきんじごく つうきんじごく commuting hell
生いき地獄じごく いきじごく living hell
地獄耳じごくみみ じごくみみ sharp ears
天国てんごく てんごく heaven

Beyond the basics

What does 地獄じごくの沙汰さたも金次第かねしだい mean?

地獄じごくの沙汰さたも金次第かねしだい (じごくのさたもかねしだい), "even judgment in hell depends on money", means money can solve almost anything. It is a cynical proverb, used with a wry smile.

What does 地獄じごくを見みた mean?

地獄じごくを見みた, "I saw hell", means "I went through something awful".

締め切しめきり前まえの一週間いっしゅうかんは地獄じごくを見みた。 — The week before the deadline was hell. (casual)

What is 地獄じごく in food and travel?

In menus, 地獄じごく can mean extremely spicy: 地獄じごくラーメン is a fiery ramen. Some hot spring areas also call their boiling, steaming pools 地獄じごく because they look like the underworld.

Common mistakes

  • Using 地獄じごく as a swear word. It is not an exclamation in Japanese.
  • Only knowing 地獄じごくに行いく. You will hear it, but the set phrase is 地獄じごくに落おちる.
  • Reading 地獄じごく as ちごく. It is じごく.
  • Using 生いき地獄じごく for a small annoyance. It is strong; use 〜地獄じごく for light humor.
  • Thinking 地獄耳じごくみみ is an insult. It is teasing, not harsh.

Practice

Try each answer before opening it. Questions 3 and 4 are a pair: a light joke versus a strong statement.

1. Warn a child casually: "If you do bad things, you'll go to hell."

Show answer

悪わるいことをすると地獄じごくに落おちるよ。 — 地獄じごくに落おちる.

2. Who judges the dead in Buddhist tradition?

Show answer

閻魔えんま大王だいおう — えんまだいおう.

3. Joke that the morning commute is hell.

Show answer

毎朝まいあさ、通勤地獄つうきんじごくだ。 — 〜地獄じごく is light humor.

4. Say "That workplace was a living hell."

Show answer

あの職場しょくばは生いき地獄じごくだった。 — 生いき地獄じごく is strong. This is the pair to question 3.

5. Say "I survived exam hell."

Show answer

受験地じゅけんち獄ごくを乗り越のりこえた。 — 受験地じゅけんち獄ごく.

6. Tease that Mom hears even whispers.

Show answer

お母かあさんは地獄耳じごくみみだから、小ちいさい声こえでも聞きこえる。 — 地獄耳じごくみみ.

7. Say "The week before the deadline was hell."

Show answer

締め切しめきり前まえの一週間いっしゅうかんは地獄じごくを見みた。 — 地獄じごくを見みた.

8. Warn a child that King Enma will pull out liars' tongues.

Show answer

うそをつくと閻魔えんま様ように舌したを抜ぬかれるよ。 — a classic warning.

9. What is the opposite of 地獄じごく?

Show answer

天国てんごく — てんごく, heaven.

10. Which proverb means "money can solve almost anything"?

Show answer

地獄じごくの沙汰さたも金次第かねしだい — even hell's judgment depends on money.

FAQ

How do you say "hell" in Japanese? 地獄じごく (じごく).

How do you say "go to hell"? 地獄じごくに落おちる. It is not used as a swear word.

What does 〜地獄じごく mean? "A nightmare of ~", as in 通勤地獄つうきんじごく.

What is 地獄耳じごくみみ? A person who hears everything.

Who is 閻魔えんま大王だいおう? The king who judges the dead in Buddhist tradition.

How do you say "what the hell" in Japanese? Not with 地獄じごく; use なんだよ or は?.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

地獄	じごく — hell
地獄に落ちる	じごくにおちる — to go to hell
閻魔大王	えんまだいおう — King Enma
通勤地獄	つうきんじごく — commuting hell
受験地獄	じゅけんじごく — exam hell
生き地獄	いきじごく — living hell
地獄耳	じごくみみ — sharp ears
天国	てんごく — heaven
乗り越える	のりこえる — to get through
締め切り	しめきり — deadline
舌	した — tongue

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. 地獄じごく comes up when learners describe rush-hour trains and exam seasons, and the 〜地獄じごく pattern is a fun way to complain like a native without sounding rude. For practice with feedback, Book a trial lesson · $13, or try the Japanese practice exercises first.

Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference dictionaries.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N3 · Read something at this level: JLPT N3 stories with audio

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