LESSON NOTES · レッスンノート

N5Talking to real people · Sep 15, 2026

Congratulations in Japanese: おめでとう, and the one day you must not say it

おめでとうございます is the all-purpose congratulation, and it takes whatever you are congratulating in front of it: 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう, 結婚けっこんおめでとう, 合格ごうかくおめでとう. The one place it does not go is a hospital room — recovery gets お大事だいじに, not congratulations.

This is a small, high-frequency piece of Japanese that you will need at predictable moments: a birthday message, a colleague's wedding, New Year, someone passing an exam. The pattern is simple enough to learn once and reuse for life.

The basics

The two registers

おめでとうございます。 — Congratulations. (polite; anyone) おめでとう。 — Congrats. (casual; friends, family, children)

That is the whole ladder. There is no formal third tier you need — おめでとうございます is already appropriate for a boss, a client or a wedding.

Building it for any occasion

Put the occasion in front, with no particle:

Occasion Phrase
Birthday お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます
New Year あけましておめでとうございます
Wedding ご結婚けっこんおめでとうございます
Graduation ご卒業そつぎょうおめでとうございます
Passing an exam 合格ごうかくおめでとうございます
A new job ご就職しゅうしょくおめでとうございます
A new baby ご出産しゅっさんおめでとうございます

お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。 — Happy birthday. (polite) 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう! — Happy birthday! (casual; the お usually drops too)

Notice the お / ご prefix on the occasion in the polite versions — お誕生日たんじょうび, ご結婚けっこん, ご卒業そつぎょう. That prefix is doing honorific work on the other person's event, the same mechanism that runs through family words and keigo generally.

New Year is its own thing

あけましておめでとうございます is said only after midnight on January 1st — never before. In late December you say よいお年ねんを ("have a good year"), which is the parting phrase for the end of the year.

よいお年ねんを。 — Have a good new year. (polite; said in late December, before the year ends) あけましておめでとうございます。今年ことしもよろしくお願ねがいします。 — Happy New Year. Looking forward to another year together. (polite; the standard January greeting, both halves)

今年ことしもよろしくお願ねがいします is the required second half. Saying only the first sounds unfinished.

Beyond the basics

Where おめでとう is wrong

Illness, injury and recovery. Someone leaving hospital has not achieved anything — they were unwell. The word is お大事だいじに ("take care"), covered in how to talk about being sick.

Funerals and condolences, obviously — there, the set phrase is ご愁傷様しゅうしょうさまです (ごしゅうしょうさまです), and it is one to recognise rather than improvise around.

Retirement is a genuine judgement call. お疲つかれ様さまでした ("thank you for your hard work") is the safer choice than おめでとう, unless the retirement is clearly a celebration the person is looking forward to.

What do you say back?

ありがとうございます。 — Thank you. (polite; the whole answer) ありがとう! — Thanks! (casual)

There is no special reply. A modest addition is common — 皆みなさんのおかげです ("it's thanks to everyone") — which uses the same おかげ as in thank-yous.

祝いわう and お祝いわい

  • 祝いわう (いわう) — to celebrate. 誕生日たんじょうびを祝いわう.
  • お祝いわい (おいわい) — a celebration, and also a congratulatory gift or money.
  • お祝いわいする — to celebrate (someone/something).

みんなでお祝いわいしましょう。 — Let's celebrate together. (polite)

お祝いわい as a gift matters practically: weddings, births and graduations in Japan often involve money given in a special envelope, and the amount and the envelope both follow conventions. As a guest you will usually be told what is expected.

Birthday messages

The standard written message is short:

お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます。素敵すてきな一年いちねんになりますように。 — Happy birthday. I hope you have a wonderful year. (polite; 〜ますように = "may it be that...") 合格ごうかくおめでとう!来年らいねんから大学生だいがくせいだね。 — Congrats on passing! You start university next year. (casual)

〜ますように is the wishing form, and it is the one piece of grammar worth taking from this page: it turns any verb into a wish. 元気げんきになりますように (may you get well), うまくいきますように (may it go well).

頑張がんばって and its limits

おめでとう is for something achieved. 頑張がんばって ("do your best") is for something upcoming — and it comes with a caveat: said to someone already working extremely hard, it can land as pressure rather than support.

The gentler alternatives are 応援おうえんしています ("I'm cheering for you") and 無理むりしないでね ("don't push yourself"). Choosing between them is a genuinely useful piece of social Japanese.

Common mistakes

  • Saying おめでとう to someone recovering from illness. Use お大事だいじに.
  • Saying あけましておめでとう in December. It is for January 1st onward. Before that, よいお年ねんを.
  • Dropping 今年ことしもよろしくお願ねがいします. The New Year greeting has two halves.
  • Adding a particle before おめでとう. 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう, not 誕生日たんじょうびがおめでとう.
  • Forgetting お / ご on the occasion in polite use. ご結婚けっこんおめでとうございます, not 結婚けっこんおめでとうございます to a superior.
  • Using 頑張がんばって on someone who is already exhausted. 無理むりしないで is the kinder choice.

Practice

Say each answer out loud first. Questions 4 and 5 are a pair: two dates, two completely different phrases.

1. Wish a colleague a happy birthday, politely.

Show answer

お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます — occasion in front, no particle.

2. Congratulate a friend on passing an exam, casually.

Show answer

合格ごうかくおめでとう! — same pattern, casual form.

3. Congratulate someone on their wedding, politely.

Show answer

ご結婚けっこんおめでとうございます — note the ご on the other person's event.

4. It is December 30th. What do you say as you part?

Show answer

よいお年ねんを — the end-of-year parting phrase. あけまして… would be too early.

5. It is January 2nd. What do you say?

Show answer

あけましておめでとうございます。今年ことしもよろしくお願ねがいします。 — both halves. The second is not optional.

6. A colleague is leaving hospital after being ill. What do you say?

Show answer

お大事だいじに — not おめでとう. Recovery is not an achievement.

7. Someone congratulates you. What do you reply?

Show answer

ありがとうございます — that is the whole thing. 皆みなさんのおかげです is a nice modest addition.

8. What does 〜ますように mean?

Show answer

"May it be that..." — the wishing form. 素敵すてきな一年いちねんになりますように, 元気げんきになりますように.

9. What is お祝いわい, besides "celebration"?

Show answer

A congratulatory gift, often money in a special envelope — standard for weddings, births and graduations.

10. Your friend is already exhausted before a big exam. 頑張がんばって or something else?

Show answer

無理むりしないでね or 応援おうえんしています — 頑張がんばって to someone already at their limit can land as pressure.

FAQ

Is おめでとうございます formal enough for a boss? Yes. There is no higher everyday tier you need. For a written message you can add a line, but the phrase itself is already appropriate.

Do I need to say お誕生日たんじょうび, or is 誕生日たんじょうび fine? Both work. お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとうございます is the polite version; 誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう is the casual one, and the お usually disappears along with the ございます.

What do people actually do for birthdays in Japan? Much the same as elsewhere — a cake, a meal, a message. The formal gift-giving conventions attach to weddings, births and funerals rather than to birthdays.

Is ハッピーバースデー used? Yes, especially on cards and in the song. It is a loanword and sits comfortably in casual contexts alongside おめでとう.

How do I congratulate someone on a promotion? ご昇進しょうしんおめでとうございます. The same pattern with 昇進しょうしん (しょうしん, promotion), and the ご because it is their event.

What is the reply to よいお年ねんを? よいお年ねんを right back. It is a mutual parting phrase, like exchanging "have a good one" at the end of the year.

Vocabulary from this article

Tap the block to select all of it, then copy. In Anki: File → Import, note type Basic, separator Tab — the first column becomes the front, the second the back.

おめでとう	おめでとう — congratulations
誕生日	たんじょうび — birthday
結婚	けっこん — marriage
卒業	そつぎょう — graduation
合格	ごうかく — passing (an exam)
就職	しゅうしょく — getting a job
出産	しゅっさん — childbirth
昇進	しょうしん — promotion
祝う	いわう — to celebrate
お祝い	おいわい — celebration; congratulatory gift
今年	ことし — this year
来年	らいねん — next year
素敵	すてき — lovely, wonderful
応援	おうえん — support, cheering on
頑張る	がんばる — to do one's best
無理	むり — overdoing it
お大事に	おだいじに — take care (when ill)
一年	いちねん — one year

I'm Yuuki, a Japanese teacher based in Tokyo. I've taught on italki as a Top 1% teacher and watched over 1,500 anime. The New Year pair — よいお年ねんを before, あけましておめでとう after — is the one students get wrong most, and it is also the one that people notice you getting right.

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Sources: the author's own lessons and standard reference grammars.

More drills like the ones above, plus a timed JLPT-style mock test: Practice · N5

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